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Communication line



Definition

Communicationline:Inwiredcommunication,thetransmissionmediumthattransmitselectromagneticwavesignalsfromoneplacetoanother.

Chinesename:Communicationline

Foreignname:

Alternativename:None

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Theearliestcommunicationlinewasanoverheadopenline.In1844,theUnitedStatesestablishedanoverheadlinebetweenWashingtonandBaltimore.Atthattime,thesignaltransmittedbytheoverheadopenwirewasnotatelephonesignal,butatelegraph.Theso-calledoverheadopenwire(seetheterm"overheadopenwire")isthebarewirethathangsonthepole.AsshowninFigure1.

Figure1Overheadopenlinethroughthewilderness

By1850,asubmarinecableacrosstheEnglishChannelwassuccessfullylaidbetweenBritainandFrance,whichwasofcoursealsousedtosendtelegrams.

Thetelephonewasnotinventeduntil1876.Everyonefindsthatopenwiresorcablesaresusceptibletoexternalinterference;crosstalkiseasytobefoundbetweenlines,andthequalityofcallsispoor.Scientistsbegantoexploretirelessly,tryingtofindagoodsolution.Forexample,usedoublewiresinsteadofsinglewires,andexploretechniquessuchasopenwirecrossoverandcablebalancetoimprovetransmissionquality.In1941,theUnitedStatesinnovativelyadoptedacoaxialcableline,and480voicechannelscouldbeopenedononeline.Later,itdevelopedto3,600,10,800,and13,200;thetechnologyofcommunicationlineshasmadeaqualitativeleap.

In1976,100yearsaftertheinventionofthetelephone,thefirstpracticalcommunicationopticalcablewassuccessfullyappliedtotheAtlantaExperimentalSystemoftheBellInstituteintheUnitedStates.In1988,thefirstsubmarineopticalcableacrosstheAtlanticwassuccessfullylaid.Didyouguysfindout?TheUnitedStateshasalwaysbeenattheforefrontoftechnologicalprogress!so.Thestatusof"BigBrother"intheAmericanworldtodayisnotobtainedoutofthinair,buthasalsoexperiencedhardwork,explorationandinnovation.

Let’stakealookatChinaagain.Theearliestcommunicationlinestartednottoolate.In1871,ChinalaidthesubmarinecablefromShanghaitoJapan,butthetechnologywasnotinthehandsoftheChinese.ThissubmarinecablewasfromDenmark.ItwasbuiltbytheGreatNorthernTelegraphCompany.Itwasnotuntil1881thatChinaestablishedthefirstlong-distanceoverheadlinebetweenShanghaiandTianjin.Itwasnotuntil1962afterthefoundingofNewChinathatthe60-channelcarrierlong-distancesymmetricalcabledesignedandmanufacturedinmycountrywasputintousebetweenBeijingandShijiazhuang.In1976,1,8004-pipecoaxialcablesdesignedandmanufacturedinmycountrysuccessfullyconnectedBeijing,ShanghaiandHangzhou.In1978,mycountrysuccessfullydevelopedamulti-modeopticalfibercommunicationcable.After1984,single-modefiberwasusedonlong-distancelines.

Classification

Accordingtotransmissionmedia

Therearedifferentclassificationsofcommunicationlines.Ifdividedaccordingtothetransmissionmedium,itcanbedividedintothefollowingfourcategories:

1)Overheadopenwire

2)Communicationcable

3)Communicationopticalcable

4)Communicationsubmarinecable

Distinguishbyimportance

Ifaccordingtotheimportanceofcommunicationlines,communicationlinescanbedividedintofirst-levellines,second-levellines,andthird-levellines.Levellines,etc.

1)First-levelroutes:refertolong-distanceroutesandinternationalroutesdesignatedbytheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologybetweenthecapitalandthecapitalsofprovinces,municipalities,andautonomousregions,betweenprovincialcapitals,municipalities,andautonomousregions.

2)Secondarylines:refertolong-distancelinesdesignatedbytheprovincial,municipal,andautonomousregioncapitalstocitiesandcounties,betweencitiesandcounties,betweenneighboringprovincesandcounties,anddesignatedbytheTelecommunicationsAdministration.

3)Level3lines:refertocommunicationlinesbelowthecountylevel.Alsocalledlocalline.Forexample,intra-citycommunicationlinesaredividedintotwotypes:inter-officetrunklinesandsubscriberlines.Theinter-officetrunklinesincludeinter-officetrunklinesandlong-distanceandcity-officetrunklines.Subscriberlinescanbedividedintotwotypes:feederandwiring.

Ifdividedaccordingtotheapplicationareaof​​communicationlines,communicationlinescanalsobedividedintolong-distancelines,urbanlinesandrurallines.

Technology

Let'stalkabouttheseeminglysimplecommunicationline,butitisalongsection.Infact,thetechnologyofcommunicationlinesisnotassimpleasyouthink.Technically,communicationlinesincludematerialsscience,linetransmissiontechnology,manufacturingtechnology,designandconstructiontechnology,maintenancetechnology,andprotectiontechnology.Eachlinkisstillverytechnical,andthecommunicationlinetechnologycoversmultipledisciplines,includingmechanics,chemistry,meteorology,geology,biology,materials,mechanics,etc.Herewebrieflyintroduce:

1)Linetransmissiontechnology:Mainlyresearchandimprovetheperformanceoflinetransmissionsignals,whichcanensurethatthesignalcanbeeffectivelytransmittedalongtheline.Itinvolvesthepropagationofelectromagneticfields,electromagneticwaves,andmultipleconductors.Looptransmissionandothertechnologies.Thistechnologystudieshowtopreventtheelectromagneticcrosstalkbetweenthelinesortheoutsideintrusion,andcanensurethatthesignaltransmittedbyitselfisnotseverelyinterfered,soastoachievethereliabilityoftransmission.Itinvolveskeytechnologiessuchasopenwirecrossing,symmetricalcablebalance,andenvironmentalelectromagnetics.

2)Manufacturingtechnology:includingthefinalizeddesignofvariousequipmentofcommunicationlines(suchaswires,cables,opticalcables,poleequipment,pipes,connectingdevices,etc.),manufacturingprocesses,andrawmaterialsusedResearchanddevelopmentofperformance,etc.Atpresent,theproductionoflineequipment,especiallycommunicationopticalcablesandall-plasticcitycables,hasadoptedprocesstechnologysuchasprocesslinkageandcomputerautomaticcontrol,andtheproductionefficiencyhasbeengreatlyimproved.

3)Designandconstructiontechnology:Communicationlinesareoutdoorequipment,andtheirinstallationandlayingarerestrictedbynaturalconditionssuchasterrain,soilquality,andweather;atthesametime,thedistributionofresidentialareasandthegrowthrateofcommunicationtrafficarealsoaffectedbyhumanfactors.Willaffecttheconstructionanddevelopmentofcommunicationlines.Thedesignandconstructiontechnologyofcommunicationlineengineeringhasitsownuniquefeatures,anddifferentregionswilladoptdifferenttechnologiesaccordingly.Long-distancelinesurvey,openlinecrossmeasurement,businesspredictionandbureauplanningofintra-citytelecommunicationsnetwork,wiringsystem,cableducttechnology,symmetricalcablebalance,connectiontechnology,submarinecablelayout,etc.areallimportanttechnologiestoensurecommunicationlineengineering.

4)Linemaintenancetechnology:includesaseriesoftechnologiesandmethodssuchasinflationmaintenance,dailymaintenanceandobstaclehandling,andelectricaltesting.

5)Lineprotectiontechnology:includingstrongcurrentprotectiontechnology,lightningprotectiontechnology,linecorrosionprotectiontechnologyandpestprotectiontechnology.

Trends

Thedevelopmentofcommunicationlinesisalsoaprocessofcontinuousevolution,fromtheinitialoverheadopenwires,tosymmetricalcables,tocoaxialcables,andthentosubmarineopticalcables.Theelectricalandopticalsignalstransmittedinthelinearealsoconstantlychanging:theDCtelegraphsignalwasinitiallytransmitted;thenthevoiceband;andthentheanalogsignalinthecarrierfrequencybandwithafrequencyofseveraltensofmegahertzwastransmitted,andithasnowdevelopedtoabitrateofseveralDigitalsignalsofhundredsofmegabitsorevenseveralgigabitspersecond.Moreover,fiberopticcablesaregraduallyreplacingtraditionalopenwireorcoaxialcables.Withtherapiddevelopmentofnewmaterialsandnewtechnologies,thedevelopmentofcommunicationlineswilldefinitelybecomemoreexciting.

Collegeprofessionalsettings

Basicinformation

Professionalname:Communicationline

Professionalcode:590308

TrainingGoals

Studentsofthismajorwhohavepassedthesystemstudyandpracticeexamswillbetrainedtobecomemoderncommunicationenterprisesandrelatedenterprisesintheinstallationandmaintenanceofopticalfibertransmissionequipment,opticalcablelineconstructionandmaintenance,communicationengineeringdesign,andengineeringSupervisionandotherspecializedtalents;trainingtobecomeapplication-orientedspecializedtalentssuchasproduction,sales,technicalsupportandmaintenance,andtechnicalmanagementrequiredbycommunicationoperationenterprisesandcommunicationequipmentmanufacturingindustries.

Trainingrequirements

Masterthebasictheoreticalknowledgeofanaloganddigitalcircuitsandelectronics,haveasolidknowledgeofmoderncommunicationtechnology,andhavetheabilitytodesignandconstructcablesandopticalcables,andlineengineeringdesign.Andcomprehensiveprofessionalskillsintheinstallation,debuggingandmaintenanceofopticalfibercommunicationequipment,powersupplyequipmentandrelatedfields.

Maincourses

English,advancedmathematics,computerfoundation;circuitandsignal,communicationelectroniccircuit,digitallogiccircuit,databaseapplication;digitaldatacommunicationprinciple,opticalcablelineengineering,opticalfibercommunicationPrinciplesandequipment,communicationlineengineering,accessnetworktechnology,communicationpowersupply,communicationengineeringbudget;exchangetechnology,AutoCAD,mobilecommunicationprinciples,marketing,etc.

Professionaloverview

Theinter-officeconnectionofintra-citycommunicationsgenerallyusesopticalcablestotransmitinformation,butalsousesmicrowavecircuits;betweenthecommunicationsofficeandusers,mainlywireandcablelines.Thebroadbandofthecommunityisalsoconnectedbyopticalcablesandcables.

Itisanimportantpartofthenationalcommunicationnetwork,includingvariouscommunicationlineequipmentofthepostandtelecommunications,railway,militaryandotherdepartments.

Communicationlineequipment

Overheadline

——Pole,wire,cable,linearm,electronicisolation,pullwireandotherancillaryequipment.

Buriedlines

——Underground,underwater,seabed,pipelinesandcables,entryholes,markers,waterlinesigns,unmannedcarriersignalantennas,cablefillingstationsandOtherancillaryequipment.

Wirelessline

——Unmannedmicrowavestation,microwavepassivereflector,radioreceivingandtransmittingantenna,microwaveandsatellitecommunicationgroundstationwireless,antennafeedertower,Wires,waveguidesandotherancillaryequipment.

Regulationsoncommunicationlines

ProvisionsoftheStateCouncilandtheCentralMilitaryCommissionontheprotectionofcommunicationlines

[1982]No.28

Thefirstarticle

Thecommunicationlineisanimportantpartofthenationalcommunicationnetwork.Itisresponsibleforthedomesticandinternationalcommunicationtasksoftheparty,government,militaryandcivilians,andplaysanimportantroleinthesocialistmodernizationconstructionandtheconsolidationofnationaldefense.Inordertomakecommunicationunimpeded,thesafetyofcommunicationlinesmustbeensured.

Article2

Thisregulationisapplicabletovariouscommunicationlineequipmentofpostandtelecommunications,railway,militaryandotherdepartments.Thecommunicationlineequipmentincludes:

(1)Overheadlines-poles,wires,cables,linepoles,electronicisolation,pullwiresandotherancillaryequipment.

(2)Buriedlines-underground,underwater,submarine,pipelinesandcables,manholes,markers,waterlinesigns,unattendedcarrierboosterstations,cablechargingstationsandotherancillaryequipment.

(3)Wirelesscircuits-unattendedmicrowavestations,microwavepassivereflectors,radioreceivingandsignallingantennas,microwaveandsatellitecommunicationgroundstationantennas,antennafeedertowers,wires,waveguidesandOtherancillaryequipment.

Article3

People'sgovernmentsatalllevelsshouldstrengthentheleadershipoftheprotectionofcommunicationlines,andfrequentlycarryoutpublicityandeducationontheprotectionofcommunicationlines.Whennecessary,thesecurityorganizationsandmilitiaorganizationsofallunitsalongthelineshouldbeorganizedtoguardthelineforjointdefense.

Whencommunicationlinesaredamagedbynaturaldisastersorwars,people'sgovernmentsatalllevelsshouldimmediatelyorganizeforcestoassistcommunicationdepartmentsinrushrepairs.

Theagencies,factoriesandmines,troops,schools,communes,productionteamsandthepeoplealongthelineallhavetheresponsibilitytoprotectthesafetyofcommunicationlines.Allunitsandthepeoplehavetherighttostopactsthatdamagecommunicationlinesorendangercommunicationsafetyandshouldpromptlyreporttothelocalpublicsecurityorcommunicationdepartment.

Article4

Communicationdepartmentsandstaffatalllevelsshouldstrengthenthemaintenanceandmanagementofcommunicationlines,strictlyimplementthepostresponsibilitysystemandvariousrulesandregulations,strengthenpatrolinspections,andconductfrequentinspections.Protectlinepropaganda,keepclosecontactwithallunitsalongtheline,doagoodjobinlineprotectionjointdefense,andassistthepublicsecurityorgansindetectingcasesofsabotagingcommunicationlines.

Whenthecommunicationdepartmentneedstochangetheoriginalequipmentandfacilitiesofotherunits,exceptforemergencysituationssuchasrushingtorepairthecommunicationlineobstacles,itshouldobtaintheconsentoftherelevantunitinadvance,andberesponsiblefortherestorationaccordingtotheoriginalstandardafterwards,andbeartherequiredexpenses.Whenthecommunicationdepartmentsetsupacommunicationlinetopassthroughtheforestarea,itshouldnegotiatewiththerelevantdepartmentinadvance.

Article5

Stealingelectricalpoles,wires,cablesandothercommunicationlineequipmentorusingtechnicalmeanstoendangercommunicationsecurityisacrime.Casesinwhichthepublicsecurityandjudicialorgansdisruptedcommunicationlinesagainstcounter-revolutionariesandothercriminals.

Article6

ThewasterecyclingdepartmentshallstrictlyimplementthespiritofDocumentNo.275of1980oftheStateCouncil,andshallnotpurchasecommunicationlineequipmentsoldbythieves.Anyillegalactorsuspiciouscluesfoundinthepiratedorsoldcommunicationlineequipmentshallbereportedtothepublicsecurityorganorthecommunicationdepartmentintime.

Article7

Allunitsandthepeopleshallnotdamagecommunicationlineequipmentorconductactsthatendangercommunicationsafety.

(1)Blasting,stackingexplosiveandflammablematerialsorsettingupexplosiveandflammablematerialswarehouseswithintherangethatendangersthesafetyofcommunicationlinesisnotallowed.

(2)Itisnotallowedtodrillonthegroundwhereundergroundcablesareburied,pileupheavyobjects,garbage,slag,ordumpliquidscontainingacids,alkalis,andsalts.Diggingordiggingtrenchesonthegroundwhereundergroundcablesareburiedshouldberesolvedthroughconsultationwiththecommunicationsdepartment.

(3)Itisnotallowedtodropanchors,draganchors,digsand,fryfishandperformotheroperationsthatendangerthesafetyofcablesinthewaterswheretherearesignsofcross-rivercables.(4)Itisnotallowedtodropanchors,towanchors,trawlfishing,orperformotheroperationsthatendangerthesafetyofthesubmarinecablesinthewatersoftwonauticalmilesoneachsideofthesubmarinecablepositionindicatedonthechart(100metersoneachsideintheport).

(5)Itisnotallowedtobuildhousesandscaffoldswithinonemeteronbothsidesoftheundergroundcable,anditisnotallowedtodigsandandearthandsetuptoilets,manuretanks,livestockpens,andbiogaswithinthreemeterseach.Buildingssuchaspoolsthatcancausecablecorrosion.Treesandbamboosarenotallowedtobeplantedwithintherangeof2metersoneachsideofthecableoutsidetheurbanareaand0.75metersoneachsideofthecableintheurbanarea.

(6)Itisforbiddentomoveordamageelectricpoles,pullwires,antennas,antennafeedertowers,andunattendedcarrierboosterstationsandmicrowavestations.

(7)Itisnotallowedtotakesoilandbuildshedsonbothsidesofoverheadlinesorintheantennaareawithintherangethatendangersthesafetyofpolesandcables.

(8)Itisnotallowedtoclimbelectricpoles,antennamasts,cablesandotherancillaryequipment.

(9)Itisnotallowedtotiecattletopoles,pullwires,antennas,antennafeedertowers,bracketsandotherancillaryequipment;HangtheradiospeakersandantennasfortheradioandTV.

Article8

Buildingconstruction,roadconstruction,waterconservancyconstruction,farmlandconstruction,treeplantingandafforestation,fellingoftreesandbamboo,transportationofsuper-highandsuper-largeobjects,erectionoflines,Layingpipelinesandperformingunderwateroperations,etc.,ifthereisapossibilityofendangeringthesafetyofcommunicationlines,thecommunicationdepartmentshouldbeagreedinadvance,andtechnicalprecautionscanbetakenbeforeconstructioncanbestarted.

Forbranchesthatendangerthesafetyofcommunicationlines,thecommunicationdepartmentshouldconsultwiththerelevantdepartmentstoremovethemfreeofcharge.Thecommunicationsdepartmentcantrimthetreesandbamboosthathaveaffectedthecommunicationlinesbuthavenotbeenpruned.

Article9

Intheconstructionofcommunicationlines,thesafety,reliability,andeconomyofthelinesshouldbeconsidered,andtheimpactonexistingbuildingsandfacilitiesshouldbeavoidedasmuchaspossible.Allnewlybuiltcommunicationlinesincities,towns,counties,andindustrialandminingareasshouldbeincorporatedintothecomprehensiveplanningofmunicipalpipelines,andbeconstructedinsyncwithroadsandotherpipelinenetworksasmuchaspossible.Electricpolesandcablesshouldbeusedtosavelandasmuchaspossible,occupylessornofarmland,andusetherequiredlandfreeofcharge.

Cropsandforestsshouldbetakencareofduringtheconstructionandmaintenanceofcommunicationlines;youngcropsandforestsshouldbedamagedduringconstructionandcompensationshouldbemadeaccordingtoregulations.

Article10

Generally,communicationlinescannotbechanged.Whenotherunitshavetorelocatetheircommunicationlinesunderspecialcircumstances,theyshallfirstobtaintheapprovalofthecommunicationsdepartment,andthecostandmaterialsrequiredfortherelocationprojectshallbebornebytheunitthatproposedtherelocation.

Article11

Anyunitorindividualwhoviolatestheseregulationsandcausesdamagetothelineorinterruptionofcommunicationshallbeorderedtobearthecostofrepairingthelineandcompensatethecommunicationstationthatblockedthecommunication.Theeconomiclossescausedwillcontinuetobeinvestigatedforcriminalresponsibilityinaccordancewiththelaw.Violationofthisregulation,althoughthecommunicationlinehasnotbeendamaged,butthesafetyofthecommunicationlinehasbeenendangered,thecommunicationdepartmentshalldissuadeorstopit;whennecessary,thepublicsecurityorganshallcooperatewiththecommunicationdepartmenttodissuadeorstopit.

Article12

Forunitsthathavemadeoutstandingachievementsinprotectingcommunicationlines,preventingdamageaccidents,assistingindetectingcases,capturingcriminals,recoveringstolencommunicationequipment,andassistinginrushingtorepaircommunicationlines,Collectivesandindividualsshallbecommendedorrewardedbythecommunicationsdepartment.

Article13

Theseregulationsshallcomeintoforceonthedateofpromulgation.Ifthepreviousrelevantregulationsconflictwiththisregulation,thisregulationshallprevail.

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