Eastern Han Dynasty

Countryname

LiuXiuistheninthgrandsonofthegreatancestorLiuBangoftheHanDynasty.HeisadescendantoftheHanfamily.Theeast,soitiscalledtheEasternHanDynasty.TheWesternHanDynastywasalsocalledtheLaterHanDynastyaftertheformerEasternHanDynasty.

History

TheLastNewChaos

AttheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,socialcontradictionsintensifiedunprecedentedly.AfterWangMangestablishedthenewdynastyintheHanDynasty,hesuccessivelypromulgatedaseriesofnewpoliciessuchas"WangTianOrder"and"PrivateOrder"inanefforttoalleviatetheincreasinglyintensifiedsocialcontradictions.However,WangMang'srestructuringtouchedthevestedinterestsofthetycoonsandmanyupper-levelbureaucrats,andwasmetwithfierceoppositionandrejection,coupledwiththeidealizationofreformandtheblindworshipofancienttimes.Intheend,itbackfiredandintensifiedsocialconflicts.Inaddition,floodsanddroughtscontinuedtooccurinthelastyearsoftheNewDynasty,andfinallytheGreenForestandChimeiUprisingbrokeoutduringtheXinmangtianfengReign.Allofasudden,theQuartetrespondedandtheworldwasinchaos.Finally,thistop-downself-helpreformbythefeudalrulingclassendedinfailure.

LiuXiuistheninthgrandsonofLiuBang,theemperoroftheHanDynasty.HisfatherLiuQinwasthemagistrateofJiyangCounty(nowLankao,Henan)andNandunCounty.AftertheChimeiandLvlinuprisingsbrokeout,inthethird(22years)ofthenewdynasty,LiuXiuandhiseldestbrotherLiuYanweiresumedtheruleoftheLiusurname.".InWangMang’sfouryears(23years),LiuXiudestroyedtheXinMangarmyinonefellswoopintheBattleofKunyang,markingtheexhaustionofthemilitarypowerthatXinMangreliedontomaintainhisrule.Inthesameyear,theLvlinArmybrokethroughXuchang,WangMangdiedatthehandsoftherebels,andwascompletelydestroyed.AfterthefirstemperorLiuXuanbecamethecapitalofLuoyang,LiuXiuwassenttoFuzhouCounty,HebeiProvince.NaipaoWanglang,thepowerfullandlordofHebeiledhisclan,guests,andchildrentojoinhimsuccessively,whichmadehimafirmfootholdinHebei.

Sincethen,LiuXiurefusedtolistentotheorderofthechangeoftheregime.Intheautumnofthesameyear,thepeasantuprisingarmyofTongmaandotherministrieswasforcedtolandandmergedinandgraduallybecameindependent.Soon,therewasacompletebreakwiththereformedregime.

ThefoundingoftheEasternHanDynasty

Thefirstthreeyears(25years)InJune,theRedEyeArmyadoptedLiuPenzi,descendantoftheHanDynasty,astheemperor,andwasknownasthefoundingoftheworld.emperor.Onthe22nddayofthesamemonth(August5,25),LiuXiuzaihuan(nowBaixiangCounty,HebeiProvince)Nanqianqiuting50%(nowHebeiWulipu)ascendedthethroneandproclaimedtheemperor,thecountrynameisstill"Han",thehistoryisknownasEmperorGuangwuoftheHanShizu,changedtoYuanJianwu.Atthattime,theGuanxiwasnamedtheEmperorofCopperHorse.

AfterLiuXiusetupthecapitalofLuoyang,hesetNanyangashisaccompanyingcapitalandbegantheEasternHanUnificationWar.HesuccessivelyeliminatedtheRedEyebrowArmy,whichwasentrenchedinGuanzhongandclaimedtobeamillion,andseizedtherulerofLongyouandthekingofWeixiaoandPanzhixi.Therearedozensofseparatistforces,suchasGongsunShuofShu.Afterelevenyearsofconquests,LiuXiufinallywipedoutthelastseparatistforcetobecomeafamilyemperorSunshuin36AD.Sincethen,afternearly19yearsofdisputesandmeleeinthelastyearsofXinMang,Chinahasonceagainbeenunified.

GuangwuZhongxing

• Strengtheningcentralization

LiuXiuzhiIntheWesternHanDynasty,therewerehistoricallessonssuchastheadministrationofoptionministers,foreignrelativesusurpingthecountry,andlocalpower.Firstofall,theyworkedtorectifythegovernmentofofficials,strengthenthecentralizationofpower,andpreventthedictatorshipofheroes,clankingsandforeignrelatives.Althoughtheheroesareappointedprincesandgeneroushonorsaregranted,theyareprohibitedfrominterferinginpoliticalaffairs.Therearealsomanyrestrictionsonthepoweroftheprincesandrelatives.

LiuXiutook"Judotogovernthecountry"asthemainconcept,andretiredfromheroesandliteraryofficials,sothatmostofthefoundinggeneralsenjoyedpreferentialtreatmentasLiehoureturnedtotheirhometownsanddidnotparticipateinpolitics.Atthattime,DengYu,LiTong,andJiaFuweretheonlyoneswhowereabletoparticipateinmajorpoliticalaffairs.ThesepeoplearealsowellawareofLiuXiu'sthoughts,"andbludgeon(eliminate)Jiabing,anddenyConfucianism"toavoidsuspicion.LiuXiuismorewaryofministers.AtthetimeofJianwu,thegreatSitupeoplesufferedmanyblows.Forexample,FuZhandismissedhisofficeduetoaccidents,HanXinwasforcedtocommitsuicidebecausehehadjuststeppedawayfromoffice,OuyangSheandDaiShewerebothimprisonedanddiedbecauseoftheircrimes.Responsible".

ThereasonwhyLiuXiudoesthisistoimprovetheautocraticimperialpower.LiuXiuhasstrictercontrolovertheclankingsandrelatives.(48years)inthetwenty-fourthyearofJianwu,LiuXiureiteratedthelawoftheAfuvassalintheWesternHanDynasty,prohibitingthekingsfromcommunicatingwithguestsandformingpartiesforprivateinterests.In52AD,hesearchedforprincesandguests,"thousandsofpeoplesittingdead".AfterEmperorHanMingcametothethrone,hecontinuedtoreinvigoratelargeprisons,andtheaffiliationwasextremelywide.

• Reformtheofficialsystem

Intheadministrativesystem,LiuXiufurthersuppressedthethreepublicThepowersmadethegovernmentaffairsofthewholecountrygothroughtheShangshutai,andfinallytheemperor.Ontheotherhand,itstrengthenedthesupervisionsystemtoimprovetheauthorityandstatusoftheofficialsoftheassassins,suchasYushiZhongcheng,SiLiXiaowei,andtheMinistryofAssassins.Inaddition,morethan400countiesweremergedacrossthecountry,reducingthenumberofofficialstoone-tenth.

• Developingtheeconomy

Aftertheworldissettled,LiuXiuattachesgreatimportancetotherestorationofproductionandpeople’slivesAnddevelopment,begantofocusondevelopingproduction,improvingpeople'slivelihood,andrestoringnationalstrength.LiuXiualsotookmanymeasurestostabilizepeople'slivelihoodandrestorethedilapidatedsocialeconomy.InthesixthyearofJianwu,theoldsystemofthirty-onetaxwasrestored.TheburdenoffeudalleasesandservitudesintheearlyEasternHanDynastywaslessthanthatinthelateWesternHanDynastyandduringthewar.Heissuedordersninetimestoreleaseslaves,orimprovetheirlegalstatus,sothatalargenumberofslaveswereexemptedfrombeingslaves,andtherefugeesreturnedtothecountrysidetopromoteproduction.Duringhisreign,theproductionandlifedestroyedbythewarwerequicklyrestored,andthepopulationandthenumberofcultivatedfieldsincreasedgreatly.Itwascalled"GuangwuZhongxing"inhistory.

InthesecondyearofJianwu(26years),EmperorGuangwuorderedtherectificationofofficials,andsetupsixShangshupeopletobeinchargeofnationalaffairs,furtherweakeningthepowerofthethreegongs(Taiwei,Situ,Sikong);Atthesametime,wewillchecktheland,setnewtaxes,revitalizeagriculture,andgraduallystabilizepeople'slives.AftertheEasternHanDynasty"GuangwuZhongxing",thesocialeconomyhasrecoveredtoacertainextent,theculturehasfurtherdeveloped,theTaixueisabundant,andtheacademicatmosphereisstrong.DuringtheEasternHandynasty,farmersinvariousregionswhocontrolledalargeamountoflandandfarming,establishedlargefarms,developedaself-sufficientfarmeconomy,andevenpossessedprivatearmedforces,allofwhichbecamesocialinstabilityfactors.

TheRuleofMingZhang

AfterEmperorGuangwudied,EmperorMingofHancametothethrone.OrderDouGuandGengBingtoconquertheNorthernHuns.TheHanarmyenteredtheTianshanMountains,attackedKingYan,beheadedmorethanathousandlevels,andchasedtothePuLeiSea(nowXinjiangBarkunLake)andoccupiedYiwu.Therefore,allthecountriesintheWesternRegionssentchildrentoserve,andinthesecondyeartheywererestoredtotheProtectorateoftheWesternRegions,so"theWesternRegionshavebeenextinctforsixty-fiveyears,anditistherestorationofTongYan."However,soonafterYanqiandQiucirebelledandcapturedtheWesternRegionsProtectorate,EmperorZhangoftheHanDynastydidnotwanttodismisstheProtectoratebecausetheWesternRegionsweretiredofChina.

InthetwelfthyearofYongping(69years),itwaslocatedintheAilaocountryinthenorthernpartofYunnanandMyanmar.ThecountrywasattachedtotheEasternHanDynasty,andEmperorHanMingestablishedYongchangCountyinitsplace.ThelandofAilaostartsfromtheAilaoMountainintheeast,totheNorthMinjinMountaininMyanmarinthewest,tothesouthernborderofXishuangbannainthesouth,andtothesouthernfootoftheHimalayasinthenorth.TheAilaoareainitiallyestablishedthescopeofChina'sruleofYunnan.

Inaddition,withthenormaldevelopmentofforeignexchanges,BuddhismbegantospreadintoChinaattheendoftheWesternHanDynasty.EmperorMingheardthatthereweregodsintheWesternRegions,whosenamewasBuddha,sohesentenvoystoTianzhutoobtainhisbooksandShamen.,AndestablishedChina'sfirstBuddhisttemple,theWhiteHorseTemple,inLuoyang.IntheMingemperor'sworld,theofficialgovernancewasrelativelyclearandclear,andtheterritorywasstable.Hehasrepeatedlyissuededictstorecruitandcarefortherefugees,grantingthepoorpeoplewiththecountypublicland,loaningtogrowfood,andbuildingwaterconservancyprojects.Historicalrecordsrecordthatthepeoplesettledtheirbusinessesatthattime,andthehouseholdregistrationwasbreeding.InthelastyearsofEmperorGuangwu,theregisteredpopulationofthewholecountrywasmorethan21million,andbytheendofEmperorHanZhang,thepopulationhadreachedmorethan43million.

DuringthereignofthetwoemperorsofMingzhang,hefollowedLiuXiu’slegacyrulesandstrictlyguardedagainstforeignministers;herepeatedlyissuededictstorecruitandcarefortherefugees,rescuedwidows,widows,lonelinessandpoorpeopleninetimesbeforeandafter;repairedtheBianCanalandeliminatedtheWesternHanDynastySincethePingEmperor,HeBianhasbeendecisive;hemanagedtheWesternRegions,thenbroketherightarmoftheXiongnu,andrestoredtheWesternRegionsDuhuMansionandWujiCaptain.Thehistorycontains"Theworldispeaceful,thepeoplearewealthy",anditiscalled"MingZhangZhizhi".

ControversybetweenQiandHuan

TheappointmentofforeignrelativeswasthefirstintheHanZhangdiperiod.AfterthedeathofEmperorHanZhang,HanheEmperorLiuZhaosucceededtothethroneattheageoften,andEmpressDowagerDoucametothecourt.TheQueenMotherDoureliedonherrelatives,andtheDouclanbegantodominatepower.InthefourthyearofYongyuan,theEmperorHanandtheeunuchswipedouttheDouclan.Heneverneglectedpoliticalaffairsafterhetookoffice.Therefore,hewasknownas"workandhumilityhavetheend."Donotviolatethepeasantperiod,recruitthewisemen,alsoadvocatelenientpunishmentinthelegalsystem,surrendertheHunsinmilitaryanddiplomacy,andappointedBanChaotopacifythecountriesoftheWesternRegions,whichledtothepeakoftheEasternHanDynasty'snationalpower./b>".ThenumberoflandreclamationinthefirstyearofYuanxing(105years)reached7.32millionhectares,withapopulationof53.25million.

AfterthedeathofEmperorHanHe,EmperorHanShangsucceededtothethrone,andthepowerwascontrolledbytheDengfamilyrepresentedbyEmpressDowagerDeng’selderbrotherDengYan.EmperorShangdiedinAugustinthefirstyearofYanping(106).TheDengfamilysupportedEmperorHan'antosucceedtothethrone.AfterthedeathofQueenMotherDeng,EmperorHan'antookchargeandwipedouttheDengfamily,butfailedtopreventotherrelativesfromdictatingpower.

AfterEmperorHan'andied,LiuYisupportedtheYanfamilyanddiedofillnessmorethantwohundreddaysafterhetookthethrone.Soonafter,theYanclanwaswipedoutbytheeunuch.TheeunuchsupportedtheHanShunEmperor,andtheHanShunEmperorcontinuedtolethisrelativesgofree.Asaresult,theLiang'sQiclanhadmorethan20yearsofexclusivepower.LiangJievenreachedthepeakofthepowerofhisrelatives,andtheEmperorChongoftheHanDynastyandtheEmperoroftheHanZhiwerefirmlycontrolledbyhim.EmperorZhidioftheHanDynastywaspoisonedbecauseofTongyanWuji,andEmperorHuanoftheHanDynastyascendedthethrone.

In159AD,EmperorHuanofHanandeunuchstogetherpunishedtheLiangfamily.EmperorHanHuanappointedthethirteeneunuchswhohadconspiredwithhimasmarquises,andhewaseunuchsinpolitics.Eunuchsweremorecorruptthantheirrelatives,causingdissatisfactionamongscholar-officials,whojoinedforceswiththeirforeignrelativestofightagainsttheeunuchs.Thefiercestrugglebetweenthetwosideseventuallyledtotwopartyslams,andallhonestscholar-officialswereexcludedfromthecourt.Sincethen,theEasternHanDynastyhasbeenindeclineandisonthevergeofextinction.AfterHanLingdisucceededtothethrone,hetrustedtheeunuchmorethanHanHuan.TheEmperorofHanLingappointedthecourttotheeunuch,whichmadethepoliticalsituationworse.AftertheoutbreakoftheYellowTurbanUprising,theparty'sshackleswerelifted.

GoingtoDemise

In184AD,theYellowTurbanUprisingbrokeout,andthedecadentcourtwasunabletoquelltherebellion.UndertheimpactoftheYellowTurbanArmy,theprecariousEasternHanDynastydecidedtodrinkpoisontoquenchthirstandorderedthecountiestorecruittheirowntroops.AlthoughthedefensesuccessfullysuppressedtheYellowTurbanUprising,itmadethelocalprefecturesandcountyofficialssupporttheirsoldiers.In188AD,LiuYansaidthattheQuartetwastroublesome.Thereasonwasthatthegovernor'spowerwaslight,sohechangedpartofthegovernortothestatepastoralist,makingthegovernorbecomethechiefofficialofastate'smilitaryandgovernmentandthesuperioroftheprefect..Theestablishmentofstateanimalhusbandryandthepromotionofstategovernor'spowerplantedthebaneofthewarlord'sseparatistruleinthelateEasternHanDynasty.

In189AD,theEmperorofHanLingdiedandLiuBian,theEmperoroftheHanDynasty,ascendedthethrone.HisrelativeHeJinguanworshipedthegeneralandcontrolledthecourt,aimingtoeradicatethepowerofeunuchs,buttheQueenMotherobjected,andthescholar-officialleaderYuanShaoputforwardaproposaltoletDongZhuooftheNorthwestArmyenterthecapital,forcingtheQueenMothertoagree.HeJinagreedtoYuanShao'ssuggestion.However,whenthingsleaked,theeunuchactedfirstandkilledHeJin.Uponhearingthenews,YuanShao,whowasintheXiyuanArmyatthetime,immediatelyledhisarmyintothepalaceandmassacredtheeunuchs.TheeunuchZhangRanghijackedtheHanShaodiandescaped,chasingsoldiers,andZhangRangcommittedsuicide.WhenDongZhuoledhisarmytoLuoyang,thepoweroftheforeignrelativesandtheeunuchwereallgone,leadingDongZhuotocontrolthecentralgovernment.

Inordertoestablishprestige,DongZhuoabolishedtheEmperoroftheHanDynastyandmadetheEmperorLiuXie,thekingofChenliu,theEmperorofHanDynasty.In190,theEmperorofHanDynastyandEmpressDowagerHewerekilledbyDongZhuo.DongZhuomovedthecapitaltoChang'anwithEmperorXian.DongZhuo'sperverseactionsarouseddissatisfactionamonglocalprincesintheCentralPlains.TheyraisedtroopsinthenameofChasingDongandelectedYuanShaoastheirleader,formingtheKwantungAlliedForcestodefeatDongZhuo.However,theKwantungArmy’sinternalconflictsandthebreakupoftheAlliedforcesendedinfailure.InthefirstyearofChuping(190years),therebellionofDongZhuobrokeoutagain,andthepoweroftheimperialcourtcametoanend,whichopenedthepreludetothewarlords'meleeattheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.Atthesametime,localwarlordsfromalloverthecountryhaveattackedeachothertoincreasetheirownstrength,andtheprestigeofthecentralgovernmenthasdisappeared.

In192AD,MinisterWangYuninstigatedDongZhuo'sgeneral,LuBu,tocooperateinthemurderofDongZhuo,orderanamnesty,andDongZhuo'srebellionended.ButsoonaftertheDongZhuoshogunate'sgeneralsLiYuandGuoBangcameback,WangYunwaskilled,andtheEasternHancourtonceagainlostcontrol.In195AD,therewasaninternalfightbetweenLiYuandGuoBang.HanXianEmperorLiuXieandhisgroupofofficialsfledtoLuoyang,butHanXianEmperorfellintoanembarrassingsituation.InthefirstyearofJian'an(196),CaoCaohijackedEmperorXianoftheHanDynastytomovehiscapitaltoXuchang,afterwhichCaoCaograduallytookcontroloftheimperialpower.In220years,CaoPiusurpedtheHanDynastyandestablishedLuoyangasthecapital.Hechangedthecountry'snameto"Wei",whichwascalled"CaoWei"inhistory.AftertheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,ChinesehistoryenteredtheThreeKingdomsperiod.

Territory

TerritoryandTerritory

DetailedmapoftheadministrativedivisionsoftheEasternHanDynasty(17photos)

WestHanDynastyEmperorZhaodiShiyuan5Intheyear(82yearsago)ZhenfanCountyandLintunCountyweremergedintoLelangCountyandXuantuCountytothesixthyearofEmperorGuangwu’sJianwu(30years)AbandonedRidgeEast.TheruleofHainanwaslostduetotheabandonmentofZhuyaCountyandDan'erCountyinthethirdyearofYuanDynasty(46BC)byEmperorHanandYuan.XianglinCountyofNichinanCountyinJiaozhouwasseparatedbyLinyiinthesecondyearofEmperorYongheoftheHanDynasty(137years).Inthetwenty-fourthyearofJianwu,(48years)thesouthernXiongnuwereattachedandplacedinHetao.Inthetwenty-sixthyearofJianwu,(50years)theXiongnuZhonglangwassetup.WillguardthesouthernHunsdescended.Inthetwenty-fifthyearofthefoundingofWuhua,(49years)Wuhuanledhissubordinatesandmovedinlandtothenorthofthenortherncounties.WuhuanschoolcaptainwasplacedunderthesupervisionofWuhuanandledXianbei.The12thyearofEmperorYongpingoftheHanMingDynasty(69years)wasattachedtotheAilao,whichwaslocatedinYongchangCounty,andthesouthwestwasexpandedtotheDayingjiangarea.InthesixthyearofEmperorYongyuanoftheHanDynasty(94),theWesternRegionswerecompletelycalmeddown,andthewesternboundaryreachedtheseashore.

Administrativedivisions

Statename

Ancientname

Thisplace

Approximaterange

Countiesunderjurisdiction

DivisionLiXiaoweiDepartment	Luoyang	NortheastLuoyang,Henan	CentralShaanxi,westernandnorthernHenan,andsouthwesternShanxi	JingZhaoYin(12Counties)ZuoFengyi(13)YouFufeng(15) HongnongCounty(9)HanoiCounty(18)HenanCounty(21)HadongCounty(20)
Jizhou	HanCounty	NorthofBaixiangCounty,Hebei	CentralandsouthernHebei	WeiCounty(15)JuluCounty(15)BohaiCounty(8)ChangshanCountry(13) ZhongshanCountry(13)AnpingCountry(13)HejianCountry(11)QingheCountry(11)ZhaoCountry(5)
Youzhou	Jixian	Beijing	NorthernHebei,MostofLiaoning,thenorthernpartoftheKoreanPeninsula	ZhuoCounty(7)DaiCounty(11)ShangguYin(8)YuyangCounty(9)YoubeipingCounty(4) LiaoxiCounty(5)LiaodongCounty(11)XuantuCounty(6)LelangCounty(18)GuangyangCounty(5)LiaodongCounty(6)
Bingzhou	Jinyang	SouthwestTaiyuan,Shanxi p>	CentralShanxi,northernpartofShanxi,Shaanxi,Ningxia,andthefirstpartofMongolia	TaiyuanCounty(16)ShangdangCounty(13)XiheCounty(13)WuyuanCounty(10)YunzhongCounty(11)DingxiangCounty(5)YanmenCounty(14)ShuofangCounty(6)ShangCounty(10)
Liangzhou	GuZang	WuweiCity,Gansu	GansuandmostofNingxia	LongxiCounty(11)HanyangCounty(13)WuduCounty(7)JinchengCounty(10)AndingCounty(8)BeidiCounty(6)WuweiCounty(14)ZhangyeCounty(8)JiuquanCounty(9)DunhuangCounty(6)ZhangyeCountry(5)JuyanCountry(1)
Yizhou	LuoCounty	SichuanGuanghan	SichuanandmostofYunnan,partofGuangdongandShaanxi	HanzhongCounty(9)BaCounty(14)GuanghanCounty(11)ShuCounty(11)QianweiCounty(9)ZhangdaoCounty(16)YuexianCounty(14)YizhouCounty(17)YongchangCounty(8)GuanghanCounty(3)QianweiCounty(2)
Cochin	LongEditing p>	EastHanoi,Vietnam	Guangdong,southernGuangxiandotherregions	NamhaeCounty(7)UlimCounty(11)CangwuCounty(11)JiaozhiCounty(12)HepuCounty(5)JiuzhenCounty(5)NichinanCounty(5)
Jingzhou	Hanshou	NortheastofChangdeCity,Hunan td>	Hubei,HunanandpartofShaanxi,Henan,Guizhou,andGuangdong	NanyangCounty(37)SouthCounty(17)JiangxiaCounty(14)LinglingCounty(13)WulingCounty(12)GuiyangCounty(11)ChangshaCounty(13)
Yangzhou	Liyang,Shouchun,Hefei	HeCountyofAnhui,ShouCountyofAnhui,NorthwestofHefeiofAnhui	ThreeprovincesofJiangxi,Fujian,ZhejiangandJiangsuandsouthernAnhui	JiujiangCounty(14)DanyangCounty(16)YuzhangCounty(21)WuCounty(13)KuaijiCounty(14)LujiangCounty(14)
Yuzhou	Qiaoxian	BoCounty,Anhui	EasternHenan,WesternAnhui	YingchuanCounty(17)RunanCounty(37)LiangGuo(8)Peiguo(21)ChenGuo(9)LuGuo(6)
Xuzhou	Tanxian	ShandongTancheng	NorthernJiangsu,SoutheasternShandong	DonghaiCounty(13)GuanglingCounty(11)LangyeCountry(13)PengchengCountry(8)XiapiCountry(17)
Qingzhou	Linzi	ZiboCity,Shandong	NorthernShandong	PingyuanCounty(9)DonglaiCounty(13)JinanCountry(10)LeAnguo(9))BeihaiCountry(18)QiCountry(6)
Yanzhou	Changyi	NorthwestofJinxiang,Shandong	Southwesternmountain,northeasternHenan	ChenliuCounty(17)ChenCounty(15)TaishanCounty(12)SanyangCounty(10)JiyinCounty(11)DongpingKingdom(7)RenchengKingdom(3)JibeiKingdom(5)/p>	Tagan,Liuzhong	XinheCounty,ShanshanCounty,XinjiangWithintheterritory	SameasWesternHan

Politics

CentralSystem

ThecentralgovernmentoftheEasternHanDynastyfollowedtheofficialsystemoftheWesternHanDynasty,withthreegongsandnineofficialsasthebasicstructure.ButtheactualpoliticalpowerhasbeencompletelytransferredtoShangshutai.TheemperoroftheEasternHanDynastyascendedtothethroneandoftenusedtheTaifuorTaiweitorecordbooksandgeneralaffairs.TheEasternHanDynastydidnothaveaprimeminister(InthelateEasternHanDynasty,CaoCao'sappointmentasprimeministerwasaspecialcase),thegovernorbecameafirst-levellocalgovernor,andthepowerofthelocalarmywasgreatlyweakened.TheYushitaisystemwasdegradedandbecameanofficialoftheShaofu.ShizhongwastransferredfromanofficialpostintheWesternHanDynastytoaformalposition,andShizhongTemplewassetupastheofficialofficeofShizhong,whichwassubordinatetoShaofu.

DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynastyTaishi,Taifu,andTaibaoasShangGong,theEasternHanDynastyonlyregardsTaiFuasShangGong,andthereisnoTaiFuandTaiBao.AttheendofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,CaoCaomovedhiscapitaltoXuchangandbecamehisprefect.Thisisdonebyapowerfulministerwithoutauthorization,anditwillbeabolishedafterdeath.Accordingtotherecordsof"HanOfficials",theofficialsbelongedtotheTaiFu:onepersoninChangshi,onerankinonethousandstones,twenty-fourpersonsinthefamilyofLingshiand22personsineachoftheimperialfamily.ChangShiisthechiefofthestaffoftheTaifu'sHouse,ZhangZhang,andconsultant.Thesubordinatesarerelativelyhigh-levelsubordinates,whoareassignedtohandleaffairs.LingshiandYufuwererelativelylow-levelofficials,handlingclericalmatterssuchasdocuments,cartsandhorses.

TheEasternHanDynastyestablishedapoliticalsystemmoresuitableforitselfonthebasisoffollowingtheWesternHansystem.ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thebiggestfeatureoftheEasternHanDynastyofficialsystemis:"AlthoughtheSanGong,everythinggoesbacktotheTaiwanPavilion",therightsoftheSanGongwereweakened.Instead,therightsofthe"ShangShutai"andtheLiuCaoinstitutionsweregreatlystrengthened.Thisiswhathappenedlater.Theembryonicformofthe"ThreeProvincesandSixDepartmentsSystem".

LiuXiuhasimplementedaseriesofmeasurestostrengthenfeudalcentralization.TheofficialsoftheCentralGovernmentoftheEasternHanDynastyaredividedintothreesystems:provincialofficials,palaceofficials,andforeignofficials.Thedistinctionbetweeninternalofficialsandforeigndynastieshasexistedinancienttimes,andinthepalace,theemperor’sdailylivingareaiscalledShengzhong(alsoknownas"forbiddencentral"),sothereisadistinctionbetweenpalaceofficialsandprovincialofficialsamongtheofficialsoftheinnerpalace.Theeunuchsweretheeunuchswhoservedandtookcareoftheemperor'sdailylife.TheeunuchsintheprovincewereallunderthejurisdictionofHuangmenling.Eunuchsarealsoresponsiblefortheguardingworkintheprovince.

LiuXiuascendedthethroneandplacedDaSitu,DaSikong,andDaSima.

DaSitu,inchargeofpeople'seducation,inchargeofetiquette,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSikong,andplaysthetitleafterthedecisionismade.

DaSikong,responsibleforwaterconservancyprojects,urbandefenseconstruction,palaceconstruction,etc.,discussesthestateaffairsnegotiatedbytheemperorwithTaiweiandSitu,andwillplaythetitleafterthedecisionismade.

DaSimaisresponsiblefortheassessmentofofficersacrossthecountry.Attheendofeachyear,theemperorisevaluatedandplayedasthebasisforthepromotionanddemotionofofficers.

IntheEasternHanDynasty,duetotheemphasisonclassics,theTaifuwastheheadofthecourtofficials.TheTaiFuusedthistoinstillhispoliticalideasintothePrince.Afterthecrownprinceascendedthethrone,heoftenusedtheTaiFutorecordbookaffairsandbecamethedefactoprimeminister.Historically,ZhaoXi,DengBiao,ZhangYu,FengShi,FengBiao,HuanYan,andZhaoJunallusedTaiFutorecordbooks.ThedeathoftheTaiFumeansthattheofficialisremoved(nolongerappointed)toshowrespect.AtthetimeoftheHanLingEmperor,ChenFanwasusedastheTaiFutorecordthebookaffairs.Later,ChenFanwasexecutedandHuGuangsucceededhim.Thisistheonlyexception.

SanGong

SanGongreferstoTaiwei,Situ,andSikong,thehighestgrade,andthenominaldutyistocoachtheemperortopresideovernationalgovernmentaffairs;abovetheSanGongthereistheTaifu,whoisresponsibleforcoachingtheemperor,Butnotstanding.TheactualgovernmentaffairsintheEasternHanDynastybelongedtoShangshutai.Therefore,ifSangongandTaifudidnothavethetitleof"RecordingShangshushi",theywerevacantpostswithoutrealpower.Thethreeofficialshavealonghistory,andtwoorthirtyeach.Amongthem,ChangShiisthemaindeputyoftheSanGong,andYuandYuaretheheadsofthedepartmentsinchargeofspecificaffairs(Yuistheprincipalandthedeputyisthedeputy).ExceptfortheappointmentofChangShibythecourt,theotherofficialsarehiredbytheSanGong.

AccordingtothesystemoftheEasternHanDynastywiththreemalesleadingtheJiuqing,TaiweiledthethreeQings,Taichang,Weiwei,andGuangluxun.TheofficialsinTaiwei'sMansionconsistedofonepersoninChangshi,whowasinchargeoftheaffairsofeachCao.Thereare24peopleineachCaoYue,history,andgenus.AmongtheCaoCao,XiCaoisresponsiblefortheappointmentandremovalofofficialsinTaiwei'sMansion;DongCaoisresponsibleforthetransferoftwothousandstones;HuCaoisresponsibleforhouseholdregistration,sacrifices,andagriculturalmulberry;ZouCaoisresponsibleformemorializing;ResigningCaoisresponsibleforhearingcasesandacceptingappeals;FaCaoisresponsibleforstationaffairs;WeiCaoisresponsiblefortherecruitmentandtransportationofsoldiersandprisoners;ThievesCaoisresponsibleforarrestingthieves;DecisionCaoisresponsibleforadjudicatingcriminallaw;SoldierCaoisresponsibleformilitaryaffairs;JinCaoisresponsibleforcurrencyandsaltandironaffairs;CangCaoisresponsiblefornationalwarehouseaffairs.Inaddition,thereisHuangGe,themainbook,thechiefofyourofficials.Inaddition,therearetwenty-threemembersofLingshiandtheimperialfamily.YourExcellencyorderedShitobeinchargeofTaiwei'shonorarydeacon;JishishiwasresponsibleforthemanagementofvariousdocumentssuchasthememorialsoftheTaiwei'smansion;MenlingshiwasinchargeoftheguardoftheTaiwei'smansion.OtherLingshiwassubordinatetoZhuCaoandhandledclericalaffairs.JudgingfromtheestablishmentandresponsibilitiesofthecadresintheTaiwei’sMansionintheEasternHanDynasty,theTaiwei’sjurisdictionseemstobeverybroad,buttheyareallnominal.Thereisnorighttocommunicatewitheachother,andtheTaiweihasnoactualpowertocontroltheaffairsofthegovernment.

Jiuqing

JiuqingisTaichang,Guangluxun,Weiwei,Taipu,Tingwei,Dahongxun,Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofu.Theirrespectivegovernmentaffairsare:TaichangzhangCeremony,GuangluxunandWeiweiinchargeofthepalaceandprovinceguards,Taipuinchargeoftheemperor'scarriagesandhorses,courtofficialsinchargeofjustice,Dahongxuninchargeofreceivingprincesandafewclan,andZongzhenginchargeoftheroyalfamily.Foraffairs,thechieffarmerisinchargeofthecountry'sfiscalrevenuesandexpenditures,andthelessermansionisinchargeoftheemperor'scostumes.ThechiefoftheofficialsoftheJiuqingistheQing,andthedeputyisCheng;eachofthemisdividedintoofficialstomanagespecificaffairs,generallywithLingastheprincipalandChengasthedeputy.

DifferentfromtheWesternHanDynasty,JiuqingoftheEasternHanDynastywassubordinatetoSanGong.Taichang,Guangluxun,andWeiweibelongtoTaiwei;Taipu,Tingwei,andDahongxuanbelongtoSitu;Zongzheng,Dasinong,andShaofubelongtoSikong.ThenineQingsoftheEasternHanDynastyalladdedtheword"Qing"totheofficialtitle,suchasTaichangqing,etc.,withtwothousandstonesintherank.Inaddition,therearesomedifferencesbetweentheEasternHanJiuqingandtheWesternHanDynasty:1.GuangluxunisinadditiontotheWesternHan'sfive-feelingZhongLangJiang,ZuoZhongLangJiang,RightZhongLangJiang,TigerBenZhongLangJiang,andHabayashiZhongLangJiang.,TheadditionofEastZhongLangJiang,BeiZhongLangJiang,XiZhongLangJiangandNanZhongLangJiang.2.ShaofuShangshuwasrenamedShangshutai,fromtheWesternHanDynastyChangShiCao,TwoThousandStoneCao,MinCao,andHostandGuestCaotoSixCao:ChangShiCaowaschangedtoofficialCao,andthreemaleCaoCaowereadded,andthehostandguestCaoweredividedintosouthernhostandguest.CaoandthenorthhostandguestCao.Shangshutaiaddedtwopeopleontheleftandright,sixforeachofCaoShilang,threeforeachofLingshiandthreeforCao,andthreeforeachofCaoZengling,whohadcomplicatedaffairs.TheShangshutaiorganizationismuchmoreimportantandlargerthantheWesternHanShangshu.

ForeignofficialsatthesamelevelasJiuqing(alsoknownas"LieQing")alsohaveJinWu,JiangZemin,andDaChangqiu.Amongthem,JinWuisresponsibleforpublicsecurityoutsidethepalaceandinsidethecapital.Thecitygateisalsoguardedbyalieutenantatthegate;themasterwillberesponsibleforcivilengineeringworkssuchastheancestraltemplehallandpalacecemetery.HisdeputyisCheng,andthesubordinatedepartmentsarealsoresponsibleforWithLingastheprincipalpositionandChengasthedeputyposition;DaChangqiuisinchargeofthequeen'saffairs,whichissimilarinnaturetotheyoungmansioninthecourt,andisassumedbytheeunuch.

Afterthecrownheirtothethronewasformallyestablished,therewasanDongguanPalacespeciallyaffiliatedtothecrownprince.Theestablishmentofofficialsisgenerallysimilartothatofthegovernment,buttheclassificationisnotasdetailedasthelatter.TheofficialpositionsoftheEastPalacearecrowned"Prince",suchasthePrinceTaifu,PrinceShaofu,andPrinceFamilyOrder.

Shangshutai

Shangshutaiistheemperor’ssecretarialagency,anditsofficialofficesarelocatedinthepalaceandoutsidetheforbiddenprovince.Mainlyinchargearethemanagementofchaptersandmemorials,draftingedicts,butinfact,ShangShutaiisinchargeofgovernmentaffairsonbehalfofthemonarch,withgreatpower.Shangshutaihasonechief(order)andonedeputychief(servant),andtherearesixpeopledividedintoeighteenunderShangshutai.TheofficialswhocommunicatedbetweenShangShutaiandtheemperorincludedShiZhong,ZhongChangShi,HuangMenShiLangandsoon.Amongthem,theservantswerefilledbyscholars;theservantsofZhongchangandHuangmenwereassumedbyeunuchs.Attendantsentertheforbiddenprovinceonlyifthereissomethingtodo.AttorneysinZhongchangandAttorneysfromHuangmenliveintheprovincedaily.Therefore,althoughtherankofservantsisthehighestamongthethree,andthesecondisthedegreeofintimacywiththemonarch,thedegreeofintimacywiththemonarchisbasedonZhongchang.Forthemost.TheguardworkinsidethepalaceandoutsidetheprovinceisinchargeofGuangLuxunandWeiWeiintheJiuqing.GuangLuxunisinsideandWeiWeiisoutside.Guangluxunsubordinatesfivegeneralsincludingfivegenerals,includingfivegenerals,left,right,Huben,andYulin.ThegeneralsofZhonglangincludeZhonglang,Shilang,andLang.Guangluxun’sguardforceisLangGuan,andWeiWei’sguardforceisarmedguards.Therefore,thepositionofWeiWeiinpalaceandguardaffairsisquiteimportant.

Localgovernmentsystem

ComparedwiththeWesternHanDynasty,thelocalgovernmentsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisbasicallythesameatthecountyandcountylevels,buttheimportanceandpowerofthecountyismuchlowerthanthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Attheprefecturelevel,therearefundamentaldifferences.TheprefecturesintheEasternHanDynastyhaveevolvedintoafirst-levelplace,surpassingtheprefectures.Sofar,thelocaladministrativedivisioninancientChinachangedfromasystemofprefecturesandcountiestoathree-levelsystemofprefectures,counties,andcounties,whichlasteduntil"abandonedprefectures"intheSuiDynasty.

TheEasternHanDynastydividedtheareaoutsidethecapitalofLuoyangintotwelvestates,andeachsentagovernortothepost.Inaddition,thesevencountiesofJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,YouFufeng,Hedong,Henan,Hanoi,andHongnongarethedistrictsunderthejurisdictionofSiliXiaowei,andtheyarecalledSilibu.SiLiXiaoweiisaBeijingofficial,andhisjobistomonitortheillegalactivitiesofhundredsofofficialsinBeijing.IntheEasternHanDynasty,everytimethethreeofficerswereretired,itwascausedbythecorrectionofthelieutenantsofthelieutenant.Therefore,thetitleofthelieutenantofthelieutenantwas"Xiong".Whentheemperorconvenedthecourtmeeting,XiaoweiSiLi,YuShiZhongchengandShangShulinghadseparateseats,called"ThreeAlones".TherankofthelieutenantofSiLiwastwothousandshi,andtheofficerswereengagedintheranks,falseassistants,etc.,andcommandedanarmedpoliceforcecomposedof1,200slaves.TheofficialnameofthelieutenantofSiLiwasalsoderivedfromthis.

TheprefecturesfollowedtheWesternHanDynastyandtheHanDynastyEmperor'ssystem,withoneprefectureandoneshepherdandtwothousandstoneranks.IntheeighteenthyearofJianwu(42years),thegovernor'shistorywaschangedtosixhundredstones.Inthe5thyearofEmperorZhongpingoftheHanLingEmperor(188years),hechangedthestatetoanimalhusbandryandrankedtwothousandstones.ThegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastyhasafixedstationandofficialoffice,andtheprefectsoftheprefectsoftherectificationpostdonotneedtobeverifiedbythethreepublicofficialsintheWesternHansystem,andtheycanbedirectlyremoved.Afterthestatewaschangedtopastoralism,healsoledthemilitaryandadministration,andhadahighposition.ItwasabitsimilartotheJieduShioftheTangDynasty,andthevastareaof​​jurisdictionwasnotcomparabletothatoftheJieduShi.SimilartotheWesternHanDynasty,thegovernoralsohadtotraveltotheprefecturetospyonthepoliticalsituationandreturntoBeijingtoreplayattheendoftheyear.However,thegovernoroftheEasternHanDynastydidnothavetogobacktoBeijinginperson,butsenthissubordinatestosubmitdocumentstotheSituMansion.

EasternHanDynastyhasatotalof105counties:27kingdoms,7countiesunderthesubordinates,and71counties.ExceptforthesevenprefecturesunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofLiability,theKingdomandtheprefecturesareequallydividedintotheprefectures.Amongthem,Yuzhouleadsthesixprefectures,Jizhounine,Yanzhoueight,Xuzhoufive,Binzhounine,Youzhoueleven,andQingzhou.Leadingsix,Jingzhouleadingseven,Yangzhouleadingsix,YizhouandLiangzhoueachleadingtwelve,andJiaozhileadingninecounties.

IntheEasternHanDynastysystem,theprinceappointedtheking,andthecountywasthestate.EachcountryhasoneFuandXiang.Fuisinchargeofthepalace,andhispositionisliketheprefectoftheHanDynasty;theministerisliketheprefectofthecounty,inchargeofgovernmentaffairs;theministerhasalonghistory,andthepositionislikethechiefofthecounty.Anotherlieutenant,witharankoftwothousandstones,wasappointedasacountycaptain,anofficerinchargeofmilitaryaffairsandarrestingthieves.

Theroyalmansionorderedoneman,Zhiqianshi,andhispositionwassimilartothatoftheHandynasty.Hewasinchargeofthedoctorandlangofthepalace;theservant,Zhiqianshi,wasresponsibleforthetraininganddrivingoftheroyalpalace’scarriagesandhorses;Thenumberofpeopleinthebook,therankofsixhundredstones,islikeShangshu;thenumberofpeoplewhoaregreeted,therankoffourhundredstones,thepositionisenvoybytheorderoftheking;therearealsothechiefofritualsandmusic,thechiefguard,thechiefmedicalengineer,thechiefYongcang,andthechiefpriestofthetemple,etc.Theranksareallfourhundredstones.

Therankoftheprefectofthecountyistwothousandshi,onlyHenanCountyislocatedbecauseofthecapital,andthegovernorcalledHenanYin,therankishigherthantheJiuqing,andtherankistwothousandshi.EachcountyhasoneChengshi,theprefect,andsixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofcivilaffairs;thebordercountyhasanotherChangshi,whoissixhundredshi,whoisinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.Underthelonghistory,Simawasresponsibleforspecificmilitarycommand.TherewerenocountycaptainsintheinterioroftheEasternHanDynasty,andtheTaishouledthetroops.Thefrontiercountyhasacaptainoracaptainofasubordinatecountryleadingthearmyandgovernsthecounty,anditsstatusisslightlysimilartothatofthesmallercountiesinthemainland.Forexample,inthefirstyearofHanheEmperorYongyuan(89),thecaptainoftheXihecountryandthecaptainoftheShangjuncountrywereplaced;inthefifteenthyearofYonghe(105)wasplacedthecapitaloftheeasternandwesternpartsofLiaoning.Wei;EmperorHan'ansettherighttoFufengDuwei,JingzhaoHuyaDuweiandsoon.

Thecounty-levellocalorganizationsystemoftheEasternHanDynastyisthesameasthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.WhenLiehoutookthecountyasafief,hewascalledtheHouState,andtheHouStatehadoneminister,whichwasequivalenttothemagistrateorheadofthecounty(dependingonthesizeoftheHouState).Ifthenumberofhouseholdsinthecountryismorethan1,000,theywillhaveonefamilymemberandoneconcubine.TheyareofficialsoftheHoufuanddonotmanagecivilaffairs.Thosewhoarenotsatisfiedwithonethousandhouseholdswillonlyhaveoneconcubine.IntheEasternHanDynasty,theHouhadanothertownshipandapavilion,andthelandwasatownshipandapavilion.Thefiefsoftheempress,empressdowager,andprincessarecalledeup,andthesystemofsettingordersandlengthisequivalenttothatoftheHoustate.Roadsaresetupinareaswhereethnicminoritiesliveandbelongtocounties,mostlyinthesouthwesternregionssuchasBaandShu,withtheleadersofethnicminoritytribesasroadchiefs.Forcountieswithmorethan10,000households,onecountymagistrateisinchargeofQianshi;onecountychiefisinchargeofcivilaffairs,documents,andwarehouses;andtwocountylieutenantsareinchargeofpublicsecurity.Forcountieswithlessthan10,000households,thereisonecountyhead,witharankofthreehundredorfourhundredshi;onecountyprinceandonecountylieutenant.IfsaltwasproducedinthecountiesoftheEasternHanDynasty,thesaltofficerwasresponsibleforthemanagementofsaltfarmsandmines,andthecollectionofsalttaxes.Thecountyironofficialwhoproducesironisresponsibleforsmeltingandcasting.Inthecountywherethehandicraftindustryisdeveloped,theworkerofficerisresponsibleformanagingthecraftsmanandcollectingindustrialandcommercialtaxes.Incountieswithwell-developedfisheries,waterofficialsareresponsibleformanagingfisheriesandcollectingtaxes.Theabove-mentionedofficialsarenotaffiliatedtocountiesandcounties,butaresubordinatetotheShaofuandbelongtothedispatchedagency.TheofficialsystemoftheEasternHanDynastybelowthecountylevelisnodifferentfromthatoftheWesternHanDynasty.Fordetails,pleaserefertotheofficialsystemoftheWesternHanDynasty.

Thesystemofselectingofficials

See:Observation,ExaminationandRequisition

Inspection,ExaminationandRequisitionisthesystemofselectingofficialsintheEasternHanDynasty.Theso-calledinvestigationreferstothelocalprefecturesandcountiesrecommendingpeoplewithreputationsandvirtuesunderthenamesof"goodness","filialpiety",and"talentedtalents",andafterexaminations,theyareappointedtoofficialpositions.Theso-calledrequisitionreferstothedirectrecruitmentofsomeonetobeanofficialbytheimperialcourtorgovernment.

Inname,thosewhoarebeingprosecutedandexpropriatedmusthave"hightalentswiththesamename",whichishighlyregardedbythetownshippartypublicopinion.Therefore,inordertofightforinvestigationandexpropriation,thescholar-bureaucratsatthattimepaidmuchattentiontomodifyingtheircharacter,inordertoarousefameandraisetheirvalue.Somepeopleareevenmorepretentious,sellingfameandreputation,inordertowinhigh-rankingofficials.Duringtheinvestigationandexpropriation,briberyandentrustment,privilegesrampant,havebecomeacommonphenomenon.Eventhesupremerulerhastoadmitthatthe"electionsareobedient".AssoonasEmperorHanMingcametothethrone,hesaid:"Theelectionisnottruetoday,andtheevilspiritshavenotgone;pleaseentrustthepowertothehandicappedofficials."Itisunderthisdecadentelectoralsystemthatpowerfullandlordscontrolalllevelsofpoliticalpowerinafeudalway.Thehierarchicalrelationshiphasbecomeincreasinglysolidified,andagroupofwealthymagnatesand"Confucianfamilies"who"havebeenofficialsfromgenerationtogeneration"havebeguntotakeshape.Forexample,DengYu'sfamilyhas2membersofgeneralpublic,29membersofHou,13membersofgeneralsandbelow,14membersofmid-2000s,48​​membersofprefectsandcounties,andtherestoftheofficialpositionsareinnumerable.TheYangfamilyofHongnongandtheYuanfamilyofRunanwerealsofamousforthefourgenerationsandthreegongs.Thesearistocraticfamilieswilllaterdevelopintofamilyclans.

Military

Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,theseniorofficialsofthecentralgovernmentwhoarequitethreemenincludegenerals,generalshussars,generalschariots,andgenerals.GeneralYouandYouarenotstanding.Theabove-mentionedgeneralsallopenedtheirresidences.TheresidencesconsistedofChangshiandSima,twenty-ninemembers,thirty-onemembersofLingshiYubelongedto31people,twomembersofZhonglangandLang,andstaffofficers,allofwhomwereappointedbytheimperialcourt.Ifthegeneralsdirectlyleadthetroops,theyshallsetupcommanderssuchasschoollieutenants,Sima,junhou,andmilitarycommandersonthebuildingsoftheMinistry,Qu,andTun.

Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theQueenMothercametothecourt,andherrelativesruledasageneral.TogetherwiththeTaifuSangong,theywerecalledWufu.Thereisalsotheso-calledgeneralmiscellaneousnumber,setupontheoccasion,andwithdrawaftertheevent.GeneralWeiDuLiaowasundercivilstrifefromtimetotimeduetotheSouthernHuns,andhehasbeenstandingsincetheeighthyearofYongping(65years).TheEmperorofHanLingsetupeightlieutenantsintheWestGardentocommandthearmygarrisonedinLuoyang,thecapital,withtheeunuchastheleader.

Thestandingarmyiscomposedofthecentralandlocalarmy(countynationalarmy).IntheCentralArmy,thegarrisontroopsoftheBeijingDivisionwereledbytheChengmenColonel,andthefieldtroops(NorthernArmy)wereledbytheNorthernArmyZhonghou.TheNorthernArmyadministersfivearmsoftheMinistry,thedesignationsareTunqi(cavalry),Yueqi(specialforces),infantry,Changshui(waterarmy),andarchery(bowandarrow).ThecommanderistheschoollieutenantandthedeputyisSima.Thetotalnumberoftheentirearmyislessthan5,000.TheNorthernArmyusuallystationedinthecapitalinchargeofthemonarchSuweiandassistanttothecapital’spublicsecurity,andtheoccurrenceofwarbecamethecoreoftheformationoftheexpeditionforce.ThelocalcountysoldierswereabolishedandreducedmanytimesintheearlyEasternHanDynasty,leavingonlyafewgarrisonsintheborderareasandtheinlandpass.Intheeventofawar,theywereeithertemporarilyrecruitingtroopsormobilizingthenorthernarmyofthecapitaltofight.

Economy

Agriculture

• Productiontools

IntheEasternHanDynasty,ashort-coiledox-plowploughappeared,whichwasflexibleinoperationandwasconvenientforplowingonsmallplotsoffarmland.Theemergenceofthiskindofshort-coiledox-plowploughiscombinedwiththeimprovementoftheploughshare.IntheEasternHanDynasty,alargenumberofall-ironploughshareshavebeenused.ComparedwiththepreviousV-shapedploughs,theangleofthebladeendhasbeengraduallyreduced,whichnotonlysavessoilandlabor,butalsoallowsdeepploughing.Inaddition,newtypesofall-ironfarmingtoolsaregraduallyincreasing.Thecrankhoe,seeninthecarvedstoneportraitofLeshanclifftombinSichuan,isacultivatortoolthatisconvenientforeradicatingweeds;theironhookfoundinMianyang,Sichuan,withalengthof35cm,isasmallfarmtooldedicatedtoharvestingandisveryconvenienttooperate.

Accordingtorecords,inthelastyearsofEmperorXianoftheHanDynasty,YongzhougovernorZhangJionceorderedrichman-madehousesinLongxi,Tianshui,andNan'ancounties.Itcanbeseenthatwatertankshavebeenwidelyusedatthattime.Shuizhuisatoolforpoundingstonewithwaterpower.Itisnotonlylabor-saving,butalsomoreefficientthanbeforeusingamortarorfoottopoundrice.Archaeologicalexcavationshavealsocontinuedtounearthmodelsofpotterywindmillsandpotterymillstones,whichindicatethatagriculturalproductsprocessingtoolshavemadesignificantprogress.

• LingquWaterConservancy

IntheEasternHantombsfoundeverywhere,youcanoftenseeInthemodelofthecombinationofpaddyfieldandpond,thereisanartesianwaterchannelleadingfromthepondtothepaddyfield,andsomealsohaveagateattheexit.AtthetimeoftheEmperorofHanLing,theeunuchBiLansummedupthepracticalexperienceoftheworkingpeopleandcreatedrolloversandthirstyblacks,whichgreatlyimprovedthelevelofirrigation.

DuringtheEasternHanDynasty,notonlymanyabandonedPitangswererestoredandexpanded,butalsoanumberofnewirrigationprojectswerebuilt.Forexample,theHongqiaopiintheRunanareawasabandonedintheWesternHanDynasty.AtthebeginningoftheEasternHanDynasty,DengChenservedastheprefectofRunan,repairingit,andirrigatingthousandsofhectaresoffertileland.Later,itcontinuedtobeexpanded.DuringtheHanDynastyandEmperors,HeChang,theprefect,repairedthechannelsthereandcultivatedmorethan30,000hectaresoffertileland.PuyangpiinthenorthofPixuCounty,ShaopiintheLujiangRiver,andJinghuLakeinKuaijiwereallwell-knownirrigationprojectsatthattime.

EasternHanDynastyDuPoetryWaterDrainage(5photos)

IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,manyirrigationchannelswereduginvariousplaces,suchasSanfu,Hanoi,Shanyang,Hedong,andShangTheDang,Taiyuan,Zhao,Wei,HexiandJiangnanregionsalso"irrigatedthroughcanals,"andsomeareasopenedupalotofricefields.ThetreatmentoftheYellowRiverwasahugewaterconservancyprojectatthattime.Atthebeginningofthe1stcenturyAD,theYellowRiverbrokeitsembankmentatthejunctionofHenanandHebei,andtherivermovedsouth,changingfromQiancheng(northofGaowan,Shandong)tothesea.Theriverfloodedandfloodeddozensofcounties.DuringEmperorHanMingDynasty,undertheauspicesoffamouswaterconservancyexpertsWangJingandWangWu,theJunyiDitchwasbuiltwiththe"weirflowmethod",andthecanalwasbuiltmorethanathousandmilesfromXingyang(nowZhengzhouXingyangCity,Henan)toQianchengHaikou.SoastodiverttheriverandBian.TheYellowRiverisconstrainedbytwodikes,andthewaterisstrongenoughtowashawaythesandandflowintothesea.Afterthehardworkofthepeople,thefloodsoftheYellowRiverwerefinallyovercome.Intheeighthundredyearssincethen,theYellowRiverhasnotbeendiverted,andthefloodshavealsodecreased.

• Cattlefarmingtechnology

Thecattlefarmingtechnologyhasreceivedwidespreadattention.Atthattime,somelocalofficialspaidattentiontothepromotionofcattlefarmingtechnology,andtheironplowcattlefarmingtechnologyhasbeenpromotedfromtheCentralPlainstothenorthernplateauandtheJiangnanarea.FarmingandanimalhusbandrymuralsintheEasternHanTombinXindianziTownship,Helinger,InnerMongolia.ThecattlefarmingonthestonereliefsoftheEasternHanDynastyinSuideCounty,Shaanxi,andthecattlefarmingoftheEasternHanDynastyinMizhiCounty,provethatcattlefarmingtechniquesinInnerMongoliaandtheNorthernShaanxiPlateauarenodifferentfromthoseintheCentralPlains.RenYanbecametheprefectofJiuzhenandpromotedcattlefarminginthelocalarea.TheintensivecultivationmethodinventedinthelateWesternHanDynastywasquicklypopularizedintheEasternHanDynasty.

InCuiShi’s"SiminyueOrder",somesituationsofintensivefarmingandmanagementinthelandlord’sfarmaredescribed.Theagriculturalmanagementofthisfarmlandpaysgreatattentiontoseasonalsolarterms,andemphasizesonkillingweedsandfertilizing.Accordingtothenatureofdifferentsoils,differentcropsareplantedanddifferentplantingdensitiesareused.Itcanalsoturnthesoilanddrythefieldsintime,androtatecropsintwoseasonstoimprovetheutilizationrateoftheland.

Handicraftindustry

• IronSmeltingTechnology

EasternHanHuanShouKnife(6photos)

DuetothepopularizationofironfarmtoolsintheEasternHanDynasty,thedemandforsteelhasgreatlyincreased,whichpromotedtheimprovementofironsmeltingtechnology.Nanyang,theaccompanyingcapitaloftheEasternHanDynasty,wasthelargestironsmeltingcenterinthecountry.Amongthem,NanyangofficialandinventorDuShiinventedthewaterdrain(blastfurnace),whichusedhydraulicrotatingmachinerytoexpandandshrinktheblastbellows.Addoxygentotheblastfurnace.Thewaterdrainhasgreatlyimprovedthequalityandefficiencyofironsmelting.ItisamajorinnovationinironsmeltingtechnologyintheEasternHanDynasty.Itisalsoagreatinventioninthehistoryofironsmeltingandmachineryintheworld,aboutathousandyearsearlierthaninEurope.Inironcasting,theEasternHanDynastyhadalreadymasteredtheadvancedtechnologyoflaminatedcasting.InadryingfankilnfoundinWenCounty,HenanProvince,morethan500setsofstackedclaymoldsforcastingpartsofcartsandhorseswereunearthed.Bystackingseveralclaymoldstogetherandassemblingacompleteset,severalordozensofcastingscanbecastatatime.Atthesametime,thestackcastingtechnologyhasbeengreatlyimproved,fromtheoriginaldouble-holecastingtosingle-holecasting.Theimprovementofstackcastingtechnologyfurtherimprovesproductionefficiencyandsavesrawmaterials.ArchaeologicalexcavationsprovethatironutensilshavebeenwidelyusedinallaspectsoflifeintheEasternHanDynasty.Alargenumberofunearthedironnails,ironpans,ironknives,ironscissors,ironlamps,etc.arestrongevidence.

Ironweaponsbegantograduallyreplacebronzeweaponsafterthemid-WesternHanDynasty,whenanewtechnologyforsmeltingironandsteelappearedatthattime-"HundredSteelmaking".Theso-called"100-smeltingsteel"referstotherepeatedheating,foldingandforgingofblockirontomakethesteelstructuredense,uniformincomposition,andreduceimpurities,therebyimprovingthequalityofthesteel.Theswordmadewiththistechnology-the"ringheadknife",hasametalringattheendofthehandleforeasymanipulation.Thebladeisstraightandthebladeislong,hardandsharp.Thequalityiscompletelyimpeccable,anditeasilyoverwhelmsthebronzesword.Itwasthemostadvancedandlethalclose-bodycoldweaponintheworldatthattime,anditwasalsoaweaponofextraordinarysignificanceinhumanhistory.

ThegestationstageoftheringfirstknifeandhundredsteelmakingtechnologywasintheWesternHanDynasty,whilethematurityandpopularizationwereintheEasternHanDynasty,andthecompletereplacementofthelongswordwasattheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.DuetotheadvancementofironsmeltingtechnologyandefficiencyintheEasternHanDynasty,thenumberofsteelknivesforgingandforginghasincreasedfrom10timesto30oreven50timesintheWesternHanDynasty.InJuly1974,aring-headknifeoftheEasternHanDynastywasunearthedintheCangshanareaof​​Linyi,Shandong.Theknifewasalsoengravedwith18charactersintheofficialscript:"Yongchu6thyear(112)MayBingwu"Thirty-six-thousand-swordsJiyangyi'sdescendants"."Thirty-seven"meansthirtyrefining,thatis,thisknifeusedthe"100-steel-making"techniquetofoldandforgethesteeluptothirtytimes,andthebladeofthisknifewasalsofoundtohavebeen"quenched".Toincreasethesurfacehardness.ItwaswiththesupportofthisadvancedweaponandthepowerfulnationalpoweroftheHanEmpirethattheEasternHanarmycompletelyeliminatedtheNorthernHunsandtheSouthernHunswerecompletelySinicized.Intheend,thispartofthedescendantsoftheNorthernHunswhomovedwestwardcametoEuropeandwascalledtheHuns,whichupendedtheWesternRomanEmpireintheirtwilightyears.

DuringtheEasternHanDynasty,coal(carboncoal)wasusedasfuelintheironsmeltingindustry.IntheironsmeltingsiteinGongyiCity,Zhengzhou,Henan,briquettesmixedwithsoilandgrassstemswerefound,indicatingthatcoalhasbeenusedtomakeiron.TheBashuareaalsousesnaturalgastoboilsalt.

• Textileindustry

Inthetextileindustry,weavingflowersintheearlyyearsoftheEasternHanDynastyItiswovenintoacolorfulbrocadewithcomplexpatterns.Atthattime,Shubrocadewaswell-knownalloverthecountry,andthesilkindustryinXiangyi(SuiCounty,Henan)andQi(Linzi,Shandong)wasparticularlydeveloped.Archaeologicalmaterialsalsoprovethatthesilkweavingindustryhasalsodevelopedgreatlyintheborderareas.TheredcuppatternsunearthedfromHantombsinmanyplacesinXinjiangareevenlywovenandhaveregularpatterns,reflectingthehighlevelofsilkweavingcraftsmanship.Inthesameareaunearthedfinelystructuredwoolenfabricswithbrightcolors,showingthehighlydevelopedwooltextiletechnologyinthenorthwestatthattime.

• Lacquerwareindustry

Otherhandicraftindustriessuchaslacquerwareindustryandceramicindustry,intheEasternHanDynastyTherearealsofurtherdevelopments.Atthattime,thelacquerwareproducedinShuCountyandGuanghanwasthemostfamous.Thelacquerwaremadebytheworkersandofficialsofthetwoplaceswereallexquisitehandicrafts.Atthattime,thefiringtemperatureofporcelainwashigher,andthewaterabsorptionoftheutensilswasweaker.Judgingfromtheunearthedartifacts,itisveryclosetothelaterceladon.

Commercial

• Country-styleproductionandmanagement

EasternHanDynastyThepowerfullandlordsalloccupyalargeamountofland,andusuallyadoptfarm-styleproductionandmanagementmethods.Inthefarmsatthattime,therewerevariousindustriesincludingagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandry,andfishery.Theyalsoengagedinsomehandicraftproductionorcarriedoutcertaincommercialandusuryactivities,whichwereextremelyself-sufficient.Forexample,thefarmownedbyLiuXiu'smother-in-law,FanHong,inHuyang,hasafewmilesofFanbei,withmorethan300hectaresofland.Inthisfarmhouse,therearemanyhousesandpavilions,"bambooandtreesmakeforest,sixanimalsgraze","sandalwoodandmulberry,closeddoortomakeamarket",whichshowsthatitslargescaleandthecharacteristicsofdiversifiedoperations.Inaddition,FanHongalso"goodstocks",engagedincommercialandloansharkingactivities.Thesamesceneofthelandlord’sfarmcanalsobeseenontheportraittilesfoundinSichuan.

The"SiminyueOrder"writtenbyCuiShireflectstheoperationofthelandlord’sfarmindetail.Theso-called:Thefarmsareplantedwithgraincropssuchaswheat,barley,springwheat,millet,millet,japonicarice,soybeans,andadzukibeans,cashcropssuchasflax,sesame,edibleedulis,fruitsandothervegetables;makevarioussauces,wine,vinegarandCaramelandotherfoods;andplantmedicinalplantstopreparemedicines.Inthislargefarm,variousforesttreesandfruittreesarealsoplanted,andfarmanimalssuchashorsesandcattleanddomesticanimalsareraised.Inmanualproduction,heraisessilkwormshimself,weavesvariouslinenandsilkfabrics,makesclothesandshoes,andmakesfarmtoolsandweapons.Inaddition,grainandagriculturalby-productsarealsotradedinthefarms.Itcanbeseenthatinthelandlord’sfarm,allkindsofsubsistencematerialscanbasicallybeself-sufficient.

• Advancedeconomicregions

ThegeneralpromotionofirontoolsandtheimprovementofcattlefarmingtechniquesareenhancedIthasimprovedtheabilityofpeopletofightagainstthenaturalworld,andinparticular,ithasmadepossiblethelarge-scaledevelopmentoftheriver-netswampareainthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Inadditiontovarioussocialreasonsatthattime,theeconomicareaof​​theEasternHanDynastybegantoundergoobviouschanges.

BeforetheEasternHanDynasty,theadvancedareasofChina'seconomyweremainlynorthoftheHuaiRiver,especiallythemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiverincludingGuanzhong.ThepopulationdistributionatthattimewasalsomainlyconcentratedintheYellowRiverBasin.InthelateEasternHanDynasty,thissituationbegantochangesignificantly.SomeareasoftheYellowRiverBasinhavedecreasedinpopulationandareshowingsignsofdecline.Inthesouth,neweconomicdevelopmentareashaveemerged,andthepopulationhasrisensharply.

Withtheincreaseinpopulation,thedevelopmentspeedofmanyareasinthesouthhasaccelerated.Forexample,theTaihuLakeandQiantangRiverbasinswereunderthejurisdictionofKuaijiCountyduringtheWesternHanDynasty,andweredividedintoWuandKuaijiCountyduringtheEasternHanDynasty.Thisisadirectresultofeconomicdevelopment.Otherareas,suchasPoyangLake,DongtingLakeandtheChengduPlain,areconstantlydevelopingandbecomingneweconomicallydevelopedareas.However,duringtheEasternHanDynasty,mostofthepopulationwasstillconcentratedinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Therefore,theYellowRiverBasinwasstilltheeconomicandpoliticalcenteratthattime.

Population

Duetotheconstructionoffarmlandwaterconservancyprojects,theimprovementoffarmingtools,theimprovementofagriculturalfarmingtechniquesandthepromotionofintensivefarmingmethods,socialproductivityhasbeengreatlyincreased,andagriculturalproductionintheEasternHanDynastyTherehasbeenagreatdevelopment.Forexample,intheWesternHanDynasty,theJingzhao,ZuoFengyi,andYouFufengareasnearthecapitalwerelocatedintheGuanzhongareawithaparticularlydensepopulationofmorethan2.4million.BythetimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,theGuanzhongwarswerestillfrequentanddilapidated,andthepopulationdroppedsharplytomorethan500,000.Yanzhoualsoreducedfrommorethan7.8milliontoabout4million.Onthecontrary,thepopulationsofthesouthernstateshaveincreasedinvaryingdegrees.ThepopulationofYangzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.2milliontomorethan4.3million;thepopulationofJingzhouincreasedfrommorethan3.5milliontomorethan6.2million;thepopulationofYizhoualsoincreasedfrommorethan4.7milliontomorethan7.2million.

ThepeakoftheofficialhukoustatisticsoftheEasternHanDynastywasinthethreeyearsofYongshou(157years).Therewere10,677,960householdsand56476856inthecountry.Modernscholarsconsideredthatalargenumberofpeoplewereoccupiedorshelteredbypowerfullandlordsatthattime.MostofthegroupssuchasTufu,clans,guests,tribes,andslaves,aswellastheHuns,Qiang,Di,andBaiyuewhomigratedtotheHanregion,werenotincludedinthehouseholdregistrationstatistics.Therefore,itisbelievedthatthepeakpopulationoftheEasternHanDynastyreached65million.

EasternHanDynastyofficialaccountstatisticstable

ADyear	Numberofhouseholds	Numberofmouths	Numberofcultivatedfields(unitYi)
GuangwuEmperorZhongyuanIIYear(57years)	4279634	21007820	-
EighteenthyearofEmperorHanMingYongping(75years)	5860573	34125021	-
HanChapterEmperorChapterandSecondYear(88years)	7456784	43356367	-
ThefirstyearofEmperorYuanxingoftheHanDynasty(105years)	9237112	53256229	7320170
Han'anEmperorYanguang4thYear(125years)	9647838	48690789	6942892
HanShunEmperorYongheThreeYears(138years)	10780000	53869588	-
EmperorYongheoftheHanDynasty(140years)	9698630	49150220	-
ThefirstyearofEmperorJiankangoftheHanDynasty(144Year)	9946919	49730550	6896271
ThefirstyearofYongjiaofEmperorHanChong(145years)	9937680	49524183	6957676
ThefirstyearoftheHanZhidiedition(146years)	9348227	47566772	6930123
EmperorHanHuan’seternallifeforthreeyears(157years)	10677960	56486856	-
Source:"TheBookoftheLaterHan·TheFiveofJunguo"andLiuZhaoNote;"BookofJin·Geography".

Culture

TheEasternHandynastyfollowedmanyguidelinesandpoliciesoftheWesternHanDynasty,andmadeadjustmentsandreformsinsomeaspects.,Makingitmoresuitableforthesocialconditionsatthattime.IntheearlydaysoftheEasternHanDynasty,theregimefurtherstrengtheneditsintegrationwithlocalforcesandstabilizedthecountry,farexceedingtheleveloftheWesternHanDynastyintermsofeconomy,culture,scienceandtechnology.

Thought

AttheendoftheWesternHanDynasty,thetheologicalConfucianismthatbeganwithDongZhongshucontinuedtodevelop,andthesuperstitionofZhenweibegantospreadwidely.LiuXiuusedFuRuiTuzhentoprovehiminordertobecomeemperor.Tobeanemperoristhe"mandateofheaven",itisthewillofGod.AfterLiuXiuestablishedtheregimeoftheEasternHanDynasty,hebelievedinZhenweievenmore.Alldecision-makingonmajorissuesshouldbebasedondivinity;divinityisalsousedto"determinesuspicion";theinterpretationofConfucianclassicsisbasedondivinity.

Technology

• Papermaking

IntheEasternHanDynasty,thepapermakingindustryGreatachievementshavebeenmade.IntheWesternHanDynasty,thepapermakingprocesswasstillintheexploratorystage."TheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty"recordsthatduringtheHanDynasty,ShangFangorderedCaiLuntosumuphisexperienceandinventedthetechnologyofusingbark,hemp,rags,andoldfishingnetsasrawmaterialstomakepaper.Thenewpapermakingprocesshasmademajorbreakthroughsinkeyprocessessuchaschemicaltreatmentandbleachingofpulp.CaiLun’simprovementhasdiversifiedtherawmaterialsforpapermaking,canalsomakeuseofoldandwastematerials,makeiteasytoobtainmaterials,improvethequalityofpaper,andfacilitatepopularization.CaiLun'sachievementsareimmortal,andtheworldcalledit"CaiHouPaper"atthattime.Sincethen,paperhasquicklyreplacedthepastbambooslips,woodenslipsandsilk,greatlyfacilitatingthedisseminationandpromotionofscienceandculture.Inthe8thcenturyAD,ChinesepapermakingtechnologywasintroducedtoWestAsia,thentoEurope,andgraduallyspreadthroughouttheworld.TheinventionanduseofpaperisChina'sgreatcontributiontoworldcivilization.

In105AD,CaiLuntransformedthepapermanufacturingtechnologyonthebasisofhispredecessors,whichmadetheChinesewritingrecordawayfromtheeraofusingbambooslips.Atthesametime,papermakingwasalsousedasthefourancientChinesemastersthatwearefamiliarwith.Oneoftheinventionshasspreadtothisday.AnothercontributionoftheEasternHanDynastytolatergenerationswasthedevelopmentofthepotteryindustry,whichallowedChinatocompletelybreakawayfromthematerialconstraintsoftheBronzeAgeandbroughtsomeproductsthatwerepreviouslyexclusivetothewealthyandnoblesintothehomesofordinarypeople.

• NaturalScience

Intermsofnaturalscience,representedbyZhangHeng,"Kesheng"inNanyangTheacademiccirclesoftheEasternHanDynastyhaveachievedveryhighachievements.ZhangHengusedsuperbcraftsmanshiptomanufacturescientificinstrumentssuchasthe"armillarysphere"and"seismograph",andtheprinciplesformanufacturingtheseinstrumentsarestillwidelyused.Especiallyforseismographs,similarinstrumentswerenotinventedinEuropeuntilmorethan1,700yearslater.Hisexplanationofthecauseofthelunareclipseintheastronomicalmasterpiece"Lingxian"madehimthefirstpersonintheworldtoscientificallyrevealthecauseofthelunareclipse.

Medicine

EasternHanDynastyisanimportantperiodfortheestablishmentoftraditionalChinesemedicine.HuaTuo,afamousdoctorinthelateEasternHanDynasty,wasthefirstsurgeonevertouseanesthesiatechnologytoperformsurgicaltreatmentonpatients.Thiswasaveryremarkableachievementinthefeudalerawhenmedicinewasrelativelybackward.The"WuQinXi"createdbyhimisChina'sfirstsetofgymnasticfitnessactivities."TreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases"byZhangZhongjing,anativeofNanyang,isanimmortalworkinthehistoryofChinesemedicineandhasbecomethemainfounderofChinesemedicine.Knownasthe"ancestorofmedicalprescriptions".

Painting

IntheEasternHanDynasty,calligraphyandpaintingwerenotsimplyusedastextandgraphicsymbols.Theirartisticstatusgraduallyemerged,althoughtherearenotmanyartworkshandeddownintheEasternHanDynastytoday.,ButyoucanstillgetaglimpseofthestyleandfeaturesofHanculturefromit.

Literature

EasternHanDynastygreatlyprosperedConfucianism,Taixueisfullofscholars,andtheacademicatmosphereisstrong.Therefore,theEasternHanDynastyoccupiesaveryprominentpositioninthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandcultureinChinesehistory,andhasachievedunprecedentedgreatness.Achievement.

Inaddition,the"ShuowenJiezi"writtenbyXuShen,knownastheancestorofWenzongZi,becametheoriginatorofthestudyofChinesecharacters,sofuturegenerationsmustfirstread"Shuowen"whenstudyingChinesecharacters.

History

ThemostimportanthistoricalworkintheEasternHanDynastyis"HanShu"byBanGu.TheBookofHanoriginatedfromLiuBang,theemperoroftheHanDynasty,andendedwithEmperorPingandWangMang.ItwrotethehistoryoftheWesternHanDynastyformorethantwohundredyearsandwasthefirsthistoryofChina.

Religion

• Buddhism

BuddhismwasfirstintroducedtoChinaTheexacttimeisnotclearsofar,butithasbecomeapublicopinionthatitwasintroducedtoChinaduringtheHanDynastyatthelatest.Accordingtorecords,inthefirstyearofthefirstyearofEmperorAioftheHanDynasty(thefirst2years),thediscipleofDr.Jinglu,theenvoyofDaYueshi,theenvoyofthekinggavethe"SutraoftheBuddha".InthetenthyearofYongpingintheEasternHanDynasty(67years),becausetheMingemperorLiuzhuangYemengJinrenwentwest,CaiYanandQinJingweresenttoTianzhutoprayforBuddhism.Cai,QinandothersusedwhitehorsestocarrybackmanyBuddhastatuesandBuddhistscriptures,andbroughtbacktwoseniormonksfromTianzhuSheMoTeng,ZhuFalan,whotheymetontheway.EmperorHanMingorderedtobuildamonasteryinthestyleofTianzhufortwohighmonkstolivein,andnamedthemonastery"WhiteHorseTemple"torememberthemeritsoftheWhiteHorseBuddhism.Later,twomonkstranslatedthe"Forty-twoChapters"intoChinese.SincetheintroductionofBuddhism,ithasbeenfavoredbythehighestrulingclass.FromChuKingLiuYing,EmperorHanMingtoEmperorHuan,theyareallgoodBuddhas.ThiswillinevitablyplayacertainroleinexpandingtheinfluenceofBuddhisminsociety.AfterEmperorHuan,therewereRuorong's"DaqiBuddhaTemple"and"DaqiBuddhaTemple."

InthetwentyyearsfromthesecondyearofEmperorHuan'sJianhe(148)tothefourthyearofLingdiJianning(171),AnShigaotranslated"AnBanShouYiJing"and"YinZhi"EnteringClassics,“TheTwelveDoorClassics,”“LittleTwelveDoorClassics,”“OneHundredSixtyClassics”andsoon.ThetranslatedscripturesaremainlybasedontheclassicsonZen,withabriefintroductiontoAbhidhamma.ZhizhecametoLuoyanginthelastyearsofEmperorHuan,andtranslated"PrajnaRoadJourney","BanzhouSamadhiSutra","ShouShurangamaSamadhiSutra"andsoonatthetimeofEmperorHuan.ZhuFoshuo,AnXuan,ZhiYao,andKangMengxiang,whowerethesametwotranslatorsasAnShigaoandZhiJian,alsohavetheirowninterpretations.InadditiontothetranslatorsfromtheWesternRegions,ShamenYanfodiaooftheHanDynastyisalsoanoutstandingpersonwhoparticipatedinthetranslationwork.

• PrimitiveTaoism

UndertheinfluenceofBuddhism,alchemiststookCultivation,guidingtheqi,longevityoflife,immortallongevity,sacrificeofghostsandgods,figurineamulet,witchcraftandsuperstition,etc.aremixedwitheachother,andarelinkedwith"Laozi"toformprimitiveTaoism.The"TaiPingJing"isthefirstDaoistclassic,whichappearedinthetimeofEmperorShunoftheHanDynasty.ZhangJiaoclaimedtobea"greatandwiseteacher"andfoundedtheTaipingTaoistway.HeusedhiskneesandbowstopassthefirstpassandFushuitocureillnessesasameansofpreaching.Itwasdeclaredthat"theskyisdead,theyellowskywillstand,andtheageisinJiazi,theworldwillbeprosperous",andlaunchedtheYellowTurbanuprising.

ThedoctrineofWudoumidaoissimilartothatofTaipingdao,anditsfounderisZhangLingfromPeiren.ZhangLingwroteaTaoistbookduringEmperorShun'sreign.ThosewhoreceivetheTaowillproducefivebucketsofrice,soitiscalledthefivebucketsofrice.AttheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,theWudouRiceRoadwasmainlyactiveinYongandYizhou,anditsbasewasinHanzhong.AfterZhangLing'sdeath,hissonZhangHengpreachedhisteachings,andZhangHengdiedandhissonZhangLufollowed.ZhangLutook"Laozi"asthemainclassicoftheFiveDouMidao,andannotatedit,called"LaoziXiangerNote".TheTaoism,Yin-YangandFiveElements,andmagicalmagicintheHancultureareorganicallyintegratedwiththebeliefsofSouthwestminorityethnicgroups,formingChina'snativereligionTaoism.InthehistoricaldocumentsoftheHanandJinDynasties,TaoismofZhangLingwasoftencalled"GhostTao",anditsTaoistswerecalled"GuiZu".ThedirectoriginofZhangLingzheng'sDaoofMightyAllianceistheprimitivewitchreligionoftheDiqiangpeopleinBashu-GhostDao.OnesaidthatthetruefounderofWudouMiDaowasZhangXiu.AfterZhangLukilledZhangXiuandseizedtherighttoteach,heentrustedZhangLingtocreateeducation.

TaoismisinfluencedbyBuddhismintroducedintoChina.Therefore,theyalsorepentoftheirsins,persuadeotherstodogood,ororganizepublicwelfareundertakings-theseareallactsofcharity(dāna)highlyvaluedbyBuddhism.Otherprojectsincludeabstainingfromdrinkingalcohol,ordrinkingonlymoderatealcohol.IamafraidthatLaoTzu'sideaof​​"change"wasalsoinspiredbytheBuddha's"incarnation"(nirmāna-kāya).

Nationalities

IntheEasternHanDynasty,therewerefrequentforeignexchanges.ThefamouspersonwhowasfamousintheWesternRegionshadbeenstationedintheWesternRegionsformorethan30years,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheWesternRegionscontrolledbytheHuns.NotonlydidtheWesterncountriessubordinatetotheHanDynastyonebyone,butalsoopeneduptheculturalexchangesbetweentheEastandtheWest.Duringthisperiod,healsosentGanYingtotheGreatQinKingdomintheWesternRegions.Althoughhewasunsuccessful,hisfootprintshavereachedthecountriesofthePersianGulf.

Inaddition,theEasternHanDynastydestroyedtheNorthXiongnuin1991.TheSouthernHunsareattachedtotheHanDynasty.In216AD,thelastHuchuquanShanyuoftheSouthernHunswenttoYechengtovisitCaoCao.CaoCaodividedtheSouthernHunsintofiveparts.TheXiongnuKhanateceasedtoexist,andtheNorthernForeignTroublesthathadplaguedtheHanDynastyforhundredsofyearsfinallycametoanend.

TheXiongnu

• SouthernXiongnu

Jianwutwenty-twoIntheyearof(46years),astrugglebrokeoutbetweentheXiongnuaristocrats,whoweresuspiciousofeachother,andcracksappeared.WiththeadditionofdroughtlocustsontheMongoliangrasslandsforyears,"humanandlivestockfamine,thedeathwastoohalf",theXiongnusplitintotwoparts,thenorthandthesouth.LiuXiuacceptedtheattachmentoftheSouthernHunsandmadethemliveintheclouds.TheEasternHanDynastygovernmentprovidedtheSouthernHunswithacertainamountofgrain,cattle,horses,silkandsilkeveryyear.NandanYuzesenthisservantsintothedynasty,anddividedthetribesintotheeightbordercountiesofBeidi,Shuofang,Wuyuan,Yunzhong,Dingxiang,Yanmen,Daijun,andXihetoassisttheEasternHanDynastyindefendingagainsttheintrusionoftheNorthernHuns.

ThebattleoftheEasternHanDynastytodestroytheNorthernHunsandtheNorthernHuns'westwardmigration(3photos)

• NorthernHuns

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AftertheSouthernHunswereannexedtotheEasternHanDynasty,theNorthernHunswhoremainedontheMongoliangrasslandsweregreatlyweakened.DuringthewarbetweentheNorthandtheSouth,theyweredefeatedseveraltimesbytheSouthernHuns.Inthe16thyearofYongping(73years),theEasternHanDynastymadeabigcounterattack,DouGudividedthetroopsintofourgroups,penetratedintothehinterlandoftheNorthernHuns,achievedgreatmilitaryvictory,andchasednorthtothePuLeiSea.(XinjiangBarkunLake),andstayinYiwuluCity(XinjiangHami).

BythetimeofEmperorZhangoftheHanDynasty,theNorthernHunsbecameweakerandweaker,andhundredsofthousandsofpeoplesurrenderedintothecongestion.InthefirstyearofYongyuan(89),DouXian,GengBingandothersledtheHanarmytojointheSouthernHunstomarchnorthwardandfoughtwithBeidanyu.LienChanwonthebattle,andthedescendantsweremorethan200,000people..Inthenexttwoyears,theNorthernHunscontinuedtofailandmigratedwestward,afterwhichpartoftheNorthernHunsmovedacrossCentralAsiaandWestAsiatoEurope.

WesternRegions

WhenXinmang,theXiongnucontrolledtheWesternRegions.(29years)inthefifthyearofthefoundingofWu,DouRongchengLikangwasappointedasthechiefcaptainoftheWesternRegions,whobelongedtothe55countriesoftheWesternRegions.Inthefuture,Shache,Shanshan,Cheshi,Yanqiandothercountriessuccessivelysentenvoysastribute,andrequestedthecentralgovernmenttosetupguardsintheWesternRegions.However,LiuXiuwasunabletomanagetheWesternRegionsduetotheinitialdecisionoftheCentralPlains,sohereturnedthewaiter.Afterthat,theWesternRegionswereinastateofchaos,andmostoftheregimesbelongedtotheHuns.

In73AD,BanChaofirstarrivedinShanshan.BanChao,withthedeterminationto"donotenterthetiger'slair,andwinthetiger'schild",ledhismentoattackandkillmorethan100NorthernHunsenvoys,andShanShanwasshocked.Later,hebroughtKhotanbacktotheCentralCommittee.Inthespringofthesecondyear,BanchaoabolishedtheShuleKingoftheKuchapeopleestablishedbytheNorthernHuns,andaccordingtothewishesoftheShulepeople,hereplacedtheoldprinceofShule.AfterBanChao'sresolutestruggle,theforcesoftheNorthernHunswereeliminatedonebyoneintheSouthernDao,andthecountriesoftheSouthernDaowerefreedfromtheruleoftheNorthernHuns.

BanChao’sactivitiesintheWesternRegionshavemadehistoricalcontributionstoenhancethefriendshipbetweentheHanpeopleandthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegions,strengthenthepoliticalandeconomictiesbetweentheCentralPlainsandtheWesternRegions,andmaintaintheunityofmulti-ethniccountries.TheBanchaozhanwassuccessfulbecauseitmetthedesireoftheHanpeopletorestorerelationswiththeWesternRegions,andthedesireofthepeopleofallethnicgroupsintheWesternRegionstogetridoftheslaveryoftheNorthernHunsandstrengthenthehistoricalconnectionwiththeHanpeople.

Wuhuan

In46AD,theHunssplitinternally,andthevariousministriesofWuhuantooktheopportunitytogetridofthecontroloftheHuns.AftertheSouthernHunswereannexedtotheEasternHanDynasty,WuhuanalsoexpressedsurrendertotheEasternHangovernment.LiuXiufeng,HaoDan,andmorethan80chiefsofallsizeswerethechiefsofKingHou,whomadethemliveinthetencountiesontheborderofYouandBinErzhou.TheyrecruitedWuhuanpeopletobeattachedtotheminNingCounty,ShangguCounty(northwestXuanhuaCounty,Hebei).)TheWuhuanschoollieutenantwasappointedtoguardandsupervisethevariousministriesofWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyprovidedfoodandclothingtotheWuhuanpeople,andusedtheirabilitytorideandshoottohelpthemdefendtheborder.ThevarioustribesofWuhuanguardedthefrontiersoftheEasternHanDynastyforgenerations,andinfactbecameahereditarymercenaryarmy.UntiltheWeiandJinDynasties,Wuhuancavalrywasstillfamousintheworld.

Xianbei

AftertheSouthernXiongnuandWuhuansuccessivelyreturnedtotheEasternHanDynasty,thevarioustribesofXianbeialsodispatchedtheirenvoys.(54)inthe30thyearofJianwu,XianbeiacceptedthetitleoftheCentralCommitteeoftheEasternHanDynasty,andwasalsounderthesupervisionofLieutenantWuhuan.TheEasternHanDynastyalsoboughttheadultsoftheXianbeitribeandmadethemspecializeindealingwiththeNorthernHuns.Inthemid-EasternHanDynasty,theremnantsoftheNorthernHunsmovedwestward,andtheXianbeitooktheopportunitytooccupythehomelandoftheHuns.Theymergedwiththemorethan100,000Hunsscatteredinthesameplace,andtheirpowerquicklybecamestronger.Fromthenon,theXianbeipeoplegotridoftheirattachmenttotheEasternHanDynastyandbecameathreatforceinthenorthduringthemiddleandlateEasternHanDynasty.

Qiangnationality

IntheearlyEasternHanDynasty,LiuXiurestoredtheQiangschoollieutenanttoprotecttheQiangtribesafterheflattenedtheseparatistforcesinLongxi.County(easternGansuandwesternShaanxi).In58AD,afterDouGuandothersbrokethroughtheunsurrenderedShaoDangtribesinQinghai,theymovedtotheGuanzhongarea.InordertoisolatetheQiangtribeslivinginthehinterlandfromtheunsubmittedQianginQinghai,andpreventthemfromunitingresistance,theEasternHangovernmentestablishedTuntiandistrictsinXiningandLedu,Qinghaitoday,andstationedtroopsforlong-termcultivation.FromthetimeofEmperorHan'an,theQiangpeoplelaunchedthreelarge-scaleuprisings,whichlastedfor50to60years.ThestruggleoftheQiangpeopleechoedthepeasantuprisingsinvariousplaces,anddealtafatalblowtotheEasternHanDynasty.Duetotheprolongedbrutalwar,theentirenorthwesternregionwasdevastatedandsocialproductionsufferedtremendousdamage.

Barbarians

DuringthesocialturmoiloftheWesternHanDynastyandXinmang,alargenumberofHanpeopleflowedintotheWulingMountainsinwesternHunantoescapethewar,livinginamixedplacewiththelocalpeople.AftertheestablishmentoftheEasternHanDynasty,thelocalcountiesandcountiesalsoclashedwiththelocalpeopleinordertoregaincontroloftheseexiles.Inthetwenty-thirdyearofJianwu(47years),thelocalsinWulingrebelledandattackedthelocalcountiesandcounties.EmperorGuangwusentLiuShangandledmorethan10,000troopstocountertherebellion,buttheentirearmywaswipedout.Inthesecondyear,SupervisorsLiSongandMaChengmarchedintosuppression,buttheystillcouldnotwin.Inthethirdyear,GeneralFuboMaYuantooktheinitiativetoinviteYingandledmorethan40,000peopletoattack.Becausethesoldiersinthenorthwereunaccustomedtothesoilandtheterrain,mostoftheHan'scasualtieswerekilledandinjured,andMaYuanalsodiedoftheepidemic.Intheend,thelocalrebellioninWuling,whichlastedthreeyears,wasputdown.

Afterthemid-EasternHanDynasty,duetoincreasedcontrolandsearchofthebarbarians,theresultwasagreatuprisingofthebarbariansinvariousplaces.ThecontinuousstruggleoftheBarbarianpeoplecontinueduntilthefalloftheEasternHanDynasty.

Theeconomyandcultureofthe"SouthwesternYi"areahasdevelopedgreatly,andtheproductsareveryrich.InthewestofYizhouCounty,therearemanyAilaoyipeople.InthetwelfthyearofYongping(69years),thekingofAilao,Liumao,sentmorethan550,000peopletotheEasternHandynasty.EmperorMingoftheHansetupAilaoandBonancountiesinhisplace,aswellasthewesterncapitalofYizhou.尉所属六县合建为永昌郡，自此将整个云贵地区纳入版图。东汉时期，四川、云南西部地区少数民族诸部，都相继归附东汉，汉文化传入当地后，改变了当地风俗，提高了当地的经济文化水平。

外交

东亚

• 朝鲜半岛

在东汉末年，朝鲜半岛北部先后兴起高句丽、百济两个国家，两国的发展水平虽略有不同，但都处在由原始社会向阶级社会过渡阶段。他们在东汉的强烈影响下，并没有向奴隶社会发展，而是模仿汉朝的剥削方式和政治制度，从而走上了封建化的道路。

• 日本列岛

在日本列岛上居住着大和民族的先祖，东汉时有一百多个小国。建武中元二年（57年），日本国王遣使入都城洛阳进贡，愿为汉臣藩，求汉皇赐名。汉以其人矮，遂赐“倭国”。其王又求汉皇赐封，光武帝又赐其为“倭奴王”，并赐封“汉委奴国王金印”金印。这颗金印已于1784年在日本九州志贺岛出土，成了日本国宝，并作为中日两国最早友好交往的证明，今收藏于福冈市博物馆。

南亚和越南

东汉时期，印度、缅甸等国与中国的关系也更为密切。据记载：永元六年（94年），永昌境外的敦忍乙王莫延曾派遣使者来访，双方互赠礼物。公元97年，缅甸北部的掸国王雍由调派遣使者向汉王朝赠送珍宝。东汉政府则以金印回赠。永宁元年（120年），雍由调再次遣使来汉，并“献乐及幻人”，缅甸的音乐和杂技，在当时深受欢迎。自从佛教传入中国以后，汉与印度的联系就日趋密切。特别是汉明帝派人去印度取经以后，印度的僧侣大量来到中国，译佛经，传佛学，对中国的文化思想产生了重大影响。

东汉时，越南北部设置交趾、九真、日南三郡。东汉初，锡光任交趾太守，任延任九真太守，教越民耕种技术，设立学校，传播先进文化，对改变当地落后状态起了很大促进作用。但后来苏充任交趾太守，对越人加重剥削，引起越人的强烈不满。建武十六年（40年），交趾征侧、征贰起兵反抗，得到九真、日南等地人的响应，很快攻占六十多座城池。征侧、征贰自立为王，这就是越南历史上著名的二征王。二征王不久就被伏波将军马援镇压。东汉在镇压二征之后，在政治、经济等方面进行了一些改革，如穿渠溉田，发展农业生产，废除残暴的“越律”十余条等。东汉先进的经济文化给越南以深刻的影响。

西方

自张骞出使西域之后，通过丝绸之路，汉朝与中亚、西亚建立了经常的贸易关系。西汉末年，丝绸之路荒废，到东汉初，永元九年（97年），班超曾派副使甘英出使大秦国（罗马帝国），一直到达条支海（波斯湾）。也是完整的丝绸之路路线，西端从欧洲，东端到东汉京师洛阳。延熹九年（166年），大秦商人由海路来到东汉京师洛阳，以大秦王安敦的名义，觐见汉桓帝并赠送汉桓帝一些礼物。此后汉与罗马的贸易关系更为频繁。

东汉时期的欧亚大陆(4张)

皇帝世系

庙号	谥号	名讳	在位年份	年号	年号始终	在位时长（按年号算）
世祖	光武皇帝	刘秀	25年—57年	建武	25年—56年	33年
建武中元	56年—57年
显宗	孝明皇帝	刘庄	57年—75年	永平	58年—75年	18年
肃宗	孝章皇帝	刘炟	75年—88年	建初	76年—84年	13年
元和	84年—87年
章和	87年—88年
穆宗 (后除)	孝和皇帝	刘肇	88年—105年	永元	89年—105年	17年
元兴	105年
	孝殇皇帝	刘隆	105年—106年	延平	106年	1年
	孝德皇帝	刘庆	－	－	－	0年 汉安帝追尊为“孝德皇”
恭宗 (后除)	孝安皇帝	刘祜	106年—125年	永初	107年—113年	19
元初	114年—119年
永宁	120年—121年
建光	121年—122年
延光	122年—125年
	北乡侯	刘懿	125年	－	－	0年 一般不认为是东汉皇帝之一
敬宗 (后除)	孝顺皇帝	刘保	125年—144年	永建	126年—132年	19年
阳嘉	132年—135年
永和	136年—141年
汉安	142年—144年
建康	144年
	孝冲皇帝	刘炳	144年—145年	永嘉	145年	1年
	孝质皇帝	刘缵	145年—146年	本初	146年	1年
	孝穆皇帝	刘开	－	－	－	0年 追尊为孝穆皇
	孝崇皇帝	刘翼	－	－	－	0年 追尊为孝崇皇
威宗 (后除)	孝桓皇帝	刘志	146年—167年	建和	147年—149年	21年
和平	150年
元嘉	151年—152年
永兴	153年—154年
永寿	155年—158年
延熹	158年—167年
永康	167年
	孝元皇帝	刘淑	－	－	－	0年 汉灵帝追尊
	孝仁皇帝	刘苌	－	－	－	0年 汉灵帝追尊
	孝灵皇帝	刘宏	168年—189年	建宁	168年—172年	21年
熹平	172年—178年
光和	178年—184年
中平	184年—189年
	弘农怀王	刘辩	189年	光熹	189年	1年
昭宁	189年
	孝献皇帝	刘协	189年—220年	永汉	189年—189年	31年
中平	189年—189年
初平	190年—193年
兴平	194年—195年
建安	196年—220年
延康	220年

注释：

1. 在汉顺帝之前本来是阎太后（汉安帝皇后）拥立的（前）少帝刘懿，刘懿做了半年皇帝即死亡，顺帝趁机即位。史书和学者都没有把刘懿归于汉朝皇帝一类，有的则称为北乡侯。

2. 献帝以前是（后）少帝刘辩，当了四个月皇帝，而且还有许多时间都在避难之中。史书和学者都没有把刘辩归于汉朝皇帝一类。但董卓毒杀少帝刘辩以后，改谥为弘农怀王，故，世称（后）少帝为”弘农王“。

3. 蜀汉昭烈皇帝所上谥为“孝愍皇帝”，但上谥时刘协并未去世。

4. 建安中，诏除显宗以下诸帝庙号。

5. 永汉元年(189)十二月，诏除光熹、昭宁、永汉三号，复称中平六年。

6. 刘庆、开、翼、淑、苌之帝谥，为汉安、桓、灵三帝追崇。