Liu Xiang

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CharacterBiography

LiuXiang(2photos)

FouryearsofDijie(66BC),RenNianlang;

ThesecondyearofShenjue(60BC)Years),bothcrowned,topracticecultivatingasanadmonishmentdoctor.

Shenjuefouryears(58yearsago),heservedasanadviser.

InGanluthreeyears(51yearsago),heservedasadoctor,andateacherHuangMenlang.

InGanluthreeyears(51yearsago),heservedasafreerider,admonishingadoctor,andgivingthings.

InthefirstyearoftheYuanDynasty(48BC),theEmperorYuancametothethroneatthebeginningofhisclan.Theclanwasloyalandstraight,andtheMingScriptureshadagoodline.Gotojail,avoidbeingacommonman.

InthefirstyearofJianshi(32yearsago),EmperorChengoftheHanDynastycametothethrone,soJiuqingcalledtoworshipasZhonglang,sothathewouldprotectthecapitalofSanfu.Thenumberplayedthesealofaffairs,movedtoDr.Guanglu.Secretaryofthe"FiveClassics"intheleadingschool.

InthesecondyearofYangshuo(thefirst23years),heservedasthelieutenantofthemiddlebase,untiltheend.TheworkoftheclassicschoolwascontinuedbyhissonLiuXin.

LiuXiangwasorderedtoleadthesecretaryoftheschool,andthebook"FarewellRecords"wastheearliestpublicbookcataloginmycountry.Govern"ChunQiuLiangChuan".Hewrotethirty-threepoemssuchas"NineTans",mostofwhichwerelost.Therearebookssuchas"XinXu","SuoYuan","LieNuBiography","WarringStatesPolicy"andotherbooks.Hiswork"FiveClassics"hastheQingDynastyMaGuohan'sedition,and"ShanHaiJing"isco-editedbyhimandhissonLiuXin.Theoriginalcollectionofessayshasbeenlost.

MainAchievements

BookkeepinginSchoolBooks

Judgingfromtheprefaceof"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi",thefateofhundredsofscholars’booksisill-fated.BooksThesourceofthebookismixed:

"SpringandAutumn"isdividedintofive,"Poetry"isdividedintofour,"Yi"hasseverallegends.DuringtheWarringStatesperiod,theauthenticitywasdisputed,andthewordsofthescholarswereconfused.AsfarasQinsuffers,itisthearticleabouttheextinctionofthefeudalclan,andtheheadoffoolishness.HanXing,changedthedefeatofQin,collectedthebooks,andopenedtheroadofbookofferings.Sofar,thefilialpiety,thelackofbooks,theritualsarebroken,thesaintsighs:"Iamverycompassionate!"Sothestrategyofbuildingabookcollection,theofficialofthebookwriter,andthelegendsofthemastersareallfilledwiththesecretpalace.Whenhebecameemperor,Yishuwasscatteredandperished,andChenNong,thegreeter,askedforhissuicidenoteintheworld.

In"Disputesoverauthenticity","Articlesontheannihilationofthedynasty","Successfulcollectionofbooks,wideopentheroadofbookofferings","Legendsofthedescendantsandtheprinces,allfillthesecretmansion","AskforasuicidenoteUnderthebackgroundof"theworld",thecirculation,creationandsortingofbookswillbeaffected,andsomeabnormalphenomenawilloccur,whichneedtobecarefullydistinguished.Mr.WangBaoxianpointedoutthatwhentheEmperoroftheHanDynastybecametheemperor,thenumberofbooksincreasedgreatly,andthereweremanycollectionsofvariousbooks.

LiuXiangisafamousscholarof"GuliangZhuan"andrecognizedbytherulingandthepeopleasascholarinscholarship.HealsobelongstotheLiuclan.HetookadvantageoftheopportunitytoorganizetheroyalcollectionandtheconvenienceofbeingclosetothetwoemperorsofYuanchengNaturally,itisnecessarytoformitsownsysteminthecollationofimportantclassics,andtofightagainstotherfactionsinConfucianclassics.Thenumberandnumberofarticleshedraftedisdifferentfromtheoldone,andeventhetitleofthebookhastobere-drawn."

XiongTiejisaidin"DetailedAnalysisofLiuXiang'sSchoolBooks":ItwillbepasseddowntolatergenerationsandevenweseeThechapters,charactersandevensometitlesoftheancientbooksoftheWesternHanDynastyandbeforewereeditedbyLiuXiangandthem.Almostallthebooksatthattimehadbeenunderstood,recognizedandevenreformedbythem.Ofcourse,theywereinevitablyimprintedwiththebrandofthetimes.ButThispointhasnotbeenfullyunderstoodforalongtime,thinkingthattheancientbooksofthePre-QinDynastyaretheoriginalones,whichwillinevitablyleadtomisunderstandingsofthiskind,andconclusionsthatareinconsistentwiththetruthofhistory.

Fewpeoplehavediscoveredsomeproblems,sotheyhavedoubts,sotherearecounterfeitworks.Judgingfromtheexisting"Shulu"andrelatedrecords,somebooksarecompletelynewcompilations.Forexample,"LieziShulu"...canbeseenLiuXiangcompletelyeditedanewbook"LieZi."WhilethehundredschoolsofscholarsareknownastheorthodoxsourceofChineseculture,LiuXiangcompiledthescatteredfragmentsofthescholarsthatwereonthevergeofdeath,althoughtheseancientbooksarenotten.Keepingone,butLiuXiang’scontributiontoorganizingtheancientbooksofthepre-Qinscholarsisindispensable.

AdvocatingthestudyofConfucianism

ThefatherandsonofLiuXiangandLiuXinreignitedtheworldafterConfucianismasthestudyofConfucianism.TostudyandsortouttheworksandtheoriesofthephilosophersofBaijiaandemphasizetheimportantfigureswhoabsorbthoughtandnutritionfromthemtoimproveConfucianism.

LiuXiang'sworks(6photos)

inOnthebasisofsystematicallyorganizingworkssuchas"Guanzi","Yanzi","HanFeizi","Liezi","DengXi","GuanYinzi","ZiHuazi"and"ZhanGuoCe"andotherworks,theyareconsideredtobeinlinewithConfucianclassics.Forexample,LiuXiangsaid:"Guanzi"book,toprosperthecountryandthepeople,toagreeonwordsandtounderstandthemeaningoftheclassics.①XunQing'sbook,itsChenWangdaoisveryeasytofollow,anditsbookcanbecomparedtoabiography.Law②.AsforTaoism,LiuXiangbelievesthat(Taoism)mustadheretotheroots,cleanupthenihilism,andgovernthebodyandobjects,becautious,andbeinharmonywiththesixclassics.Inaddition,inthe"SaidGarden""TheNewPreface"directlyadoptedandusedthepretenceofZhuzitoexpresshispoliticalandacademicopinions.Infact,thisisalsoanaffirmationofZhuzi'sstudies.

FatherandsonLiuXiangandLiuXinweredomineeringinthestudyofConfucianclassicsatthetime.Underthecircumstances,vigorouslyadvocatingthestudyofthescholarsisofpositivesignificanceforweakeningtheruleofofficialacademicthoughtandemancipatingthemind.

Intheearlyyearsof"SecretaryofthePillowHongbaoyuan","ThebooksaysGodsmakeghoststhemagicofgoldandZouYan’sheavypathtoprolonglife.”Hewasdeeplyinfluencedbymysticalthoughts.HethenparticipatedinShiquge’sfiveclassicslecturesandbecameinvolvedintheactivitiesofmodernclassics.Helaterdiscussedtheprosandconsofthepastdynastiesandthegainsandlossesofnationalpolitics.Theliterarystyleisbasedontheyinandyang,thefiveelements,andtheinteractionbetweenheavenandman.

DuringtheYuanDynasty,hewasappointedtoasealofaffairs,andhediscussedtheauspiciousnessofShunandthecivilandmilitaryZhougongandthedisastersintheSpringandAutumnPeriodafterYouli.Itissaidthat“thedisasterhasnotexistedinthepresent.”Theabovequotedfromthetimewhentheemperorwasappointed,ontheministersofthestatesincetheZhouDynasty.Thedifferencebetween"outofthehouse",theprophet"thesituationisnottwobigthings,Wang'sandLiu'sarenotsidebyside."ThisshowsthatLiuXiang'sviewofhistoryisatheologicalviewofhistory.HisthoughtsreflectedthepessimisticmoodoflosingpowerandlosingpowerintheWesternHanDynastyinhislateryears.

TheologicalPerspectives

"Hanshu·TheFiveElementsHistory"preservesabout152articlesofLiuXiang's"Hongfan·FiveElementsBiography".Amongthem,thereareabout31articlesontherelationshipbetweendisasterandthequeen,concubine,wife,andrelatives,andabout39articlesontherelationshipbetweendisasterandthefailureofthemonarchandthedefeatofthecountry.Thisisnotjustanacademicreflectionofhispoliticalstance,itisalsoatoolfordeliberatelyusingthetheoryofYinandYangandtheFiveElementstofightpolitically.

"Hanshu·FiveElements"alsopreservesLiuXin'sdiscussionof"HongfanFiveElementsBiography",about73articles,althoughtheobjectsofthediscussionarebasicallywithinthescopeofLiuXiang'spreviousdiscussionButnoneofthespecificstatementsarethesameasLiuXiang.

AlthoughIbelievethat"theonewhoisgrantedbythedestinyisrich,notauniquesurname","therehasnotbeenanimmortalcountrysinceancienttimesandtoday",buthebelievesthat"blessingsareinvisibletotheinvisible,andthetroublesaresoldbeforetheyoccur.""Liu'sChang'an,withoutlosingthesociety."Thisisequivalenttosayingthatthedestinycanstillbetransferredbymanpower,oratleastitcanbeextendedforalongerperiodoftime.

However,inLiuXin'sposthumouswritings,thereisnosuchpointofview.Judgingfromthematerialsofthe"SantongLipu"preservedinthe"HanShu·LvLiZhi",theriseandfallofthepastdynastiesproceededintheorderofthefiveelements.Accordingtothisorder,itshouldbenaturalforWangMangtofollowtheHuomoralityoftheHanDynastybytheTude.WhenWangMangwasabouttodie,hestillsaid:"Innatevirtueistogive,andHansoldiersarelikegiving!"Wheneditingtheroyalcollection,heseldomusedthistheologicalhistoricalview,andtoalargeextentexpressedthehumanities.Attitude.

Familymembers

Fifthancestor:LiuXuan,LiuTaigong,fatherofHanGaozuandChuYuanWang,ancestoroftheHanclan.

Grandfather:LiuJiao,KingChuYuan,HanGaodiLiuBanghalf-brother;

Greatgrandfather:LiuFu,HongYihou;

Grandfather:LiuPijiang,Guangludoctor,ChangleWeiwei;

Father:LiuDe,DaZongzheng,Yangchenghou;

Son:LiuXin,Confucianist.

PersonalWorks

NewPreface

"NewPreface"isaseriesofhistoricalstorieswithsatireasitspoliticalpurpose,collectinghistoricalfactsfromShun,YuandeventheHanDynasty,Abookcompiledbyclassification,with30volumesoftheoriginalbook,and10volumesstillinexistence.ItwaseditedbyZengGongoftheNorthernSongDynasty.ItrecordsthewordsofSongYu’squestiontotheKingofChu."YangA"and"XieLu",etc.,aresaidtobe"thousandsofpeoplewhobelongtothecountryandmakepeace."

ShuoYuan

"SuoYuan",alsoknownas"XinYuan",atotalof20volumes,accordingtovarioustypesoftheSpringandAutumnWarringStatestotheHanDynastyanecdotes,beforeeachcategoryMr.Liesaid:Addanoteafterwards.Amongthem,itistorecordthewordsofthemasters,andmanychapterscontainphilosophicalaphorismsaboutgoverningthecountryandthepeople,andtheriseandfallofthecountry.ItmainlyembodiesConfucianphilosophicalthoughts,politicalidealsandethicalconcepts.Somehistoricalstoriesandlegendsfromthepre-QintotheWesternHanDynastywereeditedbycategory,andtheauthor’scommentswereincluded.TheConfucianpoliticalthoughtsandmoralconceptswerebroughtintoplaywithacertainphilosophicalrationality.

TheBiographyofLieNv

TheBiographyofLieNvisabookthatintroducesthebehaviorofwomeninancientChina.Therearealsoviewsthatthebookisahistoryofwomen.TheauthorisLiuXiang,aConfucianscholarintheWesternHanDynasty.However,somepeoplethinkthatthebookwasnotmadebyLiuXiang.Therefore,theauthorofsomemoderneditionswillbeanonymous.TherearealsopeoplewhothinkthatthemodernversionistheresultoftheadditionofseveralmorearticlestotheversionmadebyLiuXiang.

Bielu

"Bielu"isChina'sfirstcomprehensivecatalogbookwithatitleandproblem-solving.Ithas20volumes.WhentheHanDynastybecametheemperor,LiuXiangwasorderedtoparticipateinthemanagementofthecourtcollection.Afterfinishingthebook,hewroteaconcisesummary,whichwaslatercompiledinto"FarewellRecords."Thereare603recordsofbooks,totaling13,219volumes,dividedintosixmajorcategoriesandthirty-eightcategories.Eachcategoryhasacategoryorderbeforeeachbook,andapartorderaftereachbook.Thenarrativecontentincludes:Thetitleofthebibliography,thereviewprocess,theauthor'slifeandthought,themeaningofthetitle,theoriginofthebook,thenatureofthebook,thecommentary,historicalfacts,rightandwrong,analysisoftheacademicoriginandvalueofthebook.Therearestatisticsbeforetheprefaceandafterthecategory,andthereisatotalattheendofthebook.Accordingtothispreface,LiuXin,hisson,deletedthecomplexandsimplifiedit,andcompileditinto"SevenLue"."Bielu"hasbeenlostintheTangDynasty,andyoucanseeitsoutlineaccordingto"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"today.

TheWarringStatesPolicy

"TheWarringStatesPolicy"isanimportanthistoricalworkcompiledbythepeopleoftheQinandHanDynastiesinthelastyearsoftheWarringStatesperiod,aswellasanimportantcollectionofessays.Initiallythereweretitlessuchas"NationalPolicy","NationalAffairs","ShortandLong","Shiyu","Changshu"and"RevisedBook".

Thereare33chaptersinthebook,editedbycountry.Inorder:oneintheWesternZhouDynasty,oneintheEasternZhouDynasty,fiveinQin,sixinQi,fourinChu,fourinZhao,fourinWei,threeinHan,threeinYan,oneinSongandWeitogether,andoneinZhongshan.Therecordedhistoricalfactsrangefromthe17thyearofKingZhendingofEasternZhouDynasty(452​​yearsago)tothe31styearofEmperorQinShihuang(216yearsago),atotalof245years.

Publishingbooks

LocalChronicles

LiuXiang(approximately77BCto6BC),whoserealnameischanged,Zizheng,whoseancestralhomeisPeijunFengyi(nowinJiangsu),thefifthgrandsonofLiuJiao,kingofChuYuan,ThesonofHouLiuDeofYangchengintheWesternHanDynasty.HeisgoodatConfucianism,canwritepoetry,andhaseditedandreadmanybooks,writtenas"Bielu",whichistheancestorofbibliographyinourcountry.

LiuXiangchuservedashisfather,Yin,ashisfather,andlaterasanadviser.InthetimeofEmperorXuan,hewasselectedasaConfucianscholar,andonceYingzhaooffereddozensofodes.IntheYuanDynasty,whenhewasappointedasSanqi,Zongzheng,andQishizhong,heimpeachedtheeunuchHongGong,ShiXian,andhisrelativesXuandShibecauseofrepeatedwrittenstatementsandimpeachment.AfterEmperorChengwasappointedtothethrone,heworshippedZhonglang,ledtheSanfudushui,movedtoGuanglu,andbecamealieutenant.LiuXiangwrotemanytimes,suggestingtoweakenthepowerofforeignrelatives,whichwasverycommendedbyEmperorCheng,butitcouldnotbeusedintheend.Heissimpleandsimple,doesnotemphasizeprestige,ishonestandcheerful,concentratesonacademics,recitesthe"Book"and"Biography"intheday,andobservesthestarsatnight,oftenallnightlong.LiuXiangxitalkedaboutthefiveelementscatastrophetheory,andusedittodemonstraterealpolitics.

Hisknowledgeisprofound.HehasbeenresponsiblefororganizingthesecretaryoftheFiveClassicsandZhuzi'spoemsfornearly20years,andhehasmadegreatcontributionstothesortingandpreservationofancientbooks.Writteninto"Bielu",itistheearliestbibliographicworkinChina.ItalsocollectedtherecordsofancienttimesandeventheQinandHandynasties,deducedandacted,followedbyanalogy,andcompiled11chaptersofthe"HongFanFiveElementsBiography",whichistheearliesthistoryofdisastersinChina.Heisgoodatpoetryandproseinliterature.The"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"contains33piecesofhisfus,whicharescatteredandlosttoday.Only"NineTan"isaworkimitatingQuYuan's"NineChapters",whichisplacedinthememoryofQuYuan.Senseoflifeexperience.Thenarrationofthepresentpartofhisproseandthenarrationofancientbooksarefamous,including"AdmonitiontoChanglingShu"and"WarringStatesPolicyNarrative".Thenarrationofhisessaysissimple,rational,calmandunhurried,whichhasacertaininfluenceontheancientwritersoftheTangandSongDynasties.Healsocollectedhistoricalanecdotesfrompreviousgenerationsandcompiledtheminto"ShuoYuan","NewPreface"and"BiographyofWomen".Amongthem,therearesomeverymeaningfulandliterarystories,whicharetheforerunnersofWeiandJinnovels.TheMingDynastyCollectionhas"LiuZizhengCollection",whichisincludedinthe"HanWeiSixDynastiesBaiSanJiaJi".