Features
Themarketistheproductofsocialdivisionoflaborandcommodityproduction.Wherethereissocialdivisionoflaborandcommodityexchange,thereisamarket.
Threefactorsthatdeterminethesizeandcapacityofthemarket:buyers,purchasingpower,anddesiretobuy.
Atthesametime,intheprocessofmarketdevelopmentandgrowth,italsopromotesthefurtherdevelopmentofsocialdivisionoflaborandcommodityeconomy.Throughinformationfeedback,themarketdirectlyaffectswhatpeopleproduce,howmuchtheyproduce,timetomarket,andproductsales.Integratetheproduction,supplyandmarketingpartiesintheprocessofcommodityeconomicdevelopment,andprovideexchangeplaces,exchangetimeandotherexchangeconditionsfortheproduction,supplyandmarketingparties,soastorealizetheeconomicinterestsofcommodityproducers,operatorsandconsumers.
Spontaneity
Inamarketeconomy,theeconomicactivitiesofcommodityproducersandoperatorsarepursuingtheirowninterestsunderthespontaneousadjustmentofthelawofvalue,whichisactuallybasedonprices.Fluctuationsdeterminetheirownproductionandbusinessactivities.Therefore,thefirstroleofthelawofvalueistospontaneouslyregulatethedistributionofproductionmaterialsandlaborinvariousdepartments,andplayapositiveroleinpromotingtherationalallocationofresources,whilealsoenablingsomeindividualsorEnterprisesproduceimproperbehaviorsduetotheexcessivepursuitoftheinterestsofthewholebody,suchasproducingandsellingfakeandinferiorproducts;bullyingthemarketanddisruptingmarketorder;everythingismoney-oriented,withoutprofessionalethics.Moreover,thespontaneousadjustmentofthelawofvaluecaneasilyleadtothepolarizationofvarioussocialstrata,andtheresultingcontradictionswillnotbeconducivetothehealthydevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety.
Blindness
Undertheconditionsofamarketeconomy,participantsineconomicactivitiesarescatteredintheirrespectivefieldstooperate,anditisimpossibleforasingleproducerandoperatortomasterallaspectsofsociety.Informationcannotcontrolthetrendofeconomicchanges.Therefore,whenhemakesbusinessdecisions,heonlyobserveswhatishighandprofitableinthemarket,andthendecideswhattoproduceandoperate.Thisisobviouslyblind.Thisblindnessoftenputssocietyinanarchy,whichwillinevitablycauseeconomicfluctuationsandwasteofresources.
Hysteresis
Inamarketeconomy,marketadjustmentisakindofexpostadjustment,thatis,economicactivityparticipantsmakeadjustmentsonlyaftertheimbalanceinsupplyanddemandofacertaincommoditycausespricestoriseorfall.Thedecisiontoexpandorreducethesupplyorreductionofthiscommodity.Inthisway,fromtheimbalanceofsupplyanddemand-pricechanges-makingadecision-toachievingabalancebetweensupplyanddemand,itwillinevitablyrequireaprocessofdifferentlengthsandacertaintimedifference.Inotherwords,althoughthemarketistimelyandsensitive,itcannotreflectthelong-termtrendofsupplyanddemand.Whenpeoplecompetetoproduceaproductinpursuitofhighpricesinthemarket,thesocialdemandfortheproductmayhavereachedasaturationpoint,whilethecommodityproducerscontinuetoproduceinlargequantitiesthere,onlytorealizethataftertheslow-movingcausesthepricetofall.
Type
Classifiedaccordingtodifferentmarketentities
1.Classifiedaccordingtothepurchasepurposeandidentityofthebuyer
Consumermarket-referstothemarketconstitutedbyindividualsandfamilieswhopurchaseproductsandservicestosatisfypersonalconsumption
Manufacturermarket-industrialusermarketorindustrialmarket
Reseller'sMarket-MiddleMerchantMarket
Governmentmarket-referstothegovernmentatalllevelsinordertocarryoutdailygovernmentactivitiesorprovideservicestothepublic,underthesupervisionoffinance,instatutorymethods,methods,Theactofpurchasinggoods,projects,andlaborservicesforgovernmentdepartmentsfromthedomesticmarketthroughpublicbidding,faircompetition,anddirectpaymentsbythefinancialdepartmenttosuppliers.
2.Accordingtotheroleoftheenterprise
Buyingmarket-theenterpriseisthebuyerinthemarketandpurchasestherequiredproducts.
Salesmarket-companiesaresellersinthemarket,sellingtheirproducts.
3.Accordingtothestatusoftheproductorserviceprovider(iethecompetitivestatusinthemarket)
Completelycompetitivemarket
Completemonopolymarket
monopolisticcompetitionmarket
oligopolymarket
4.Bygeographiclocation
CityMarket,ruralmarket
5.Accordingtoregionalscope
Internationalmarket,domesticmarket
6.AccordingtobusinessproductsSpecializationandcomprehensiveness
Professionalmarketandcomprehensivemarket
7.Accordingtothescale
Smallmarket,mediummarket,largemarket
Classifiedaccordingtothenatureofconsumerobjects
1.Classifiedaccordingtomarketcommoditiesandenduse
ProductionMaterialMarket
ConsumerMarket
TechnicalServiceMarket
FinancialMarket
2,pressWhetherthetransactionobjecthasamaterialentitytoclassify
Tangibleproductmarket
Intangibleproductmarket
3.AccordingtothespecificcontentofthetransactionobjectDifferenttoclassify
Commoditymarket
Spotmarket
Futuresmarket
Function
1.Balancethecontradictionbetweensupplyanddemand
2.Commodityexchangeandrealizationofvalue
3.Servicefunction
4.Informationtransferfunction
5.Incomedistribution-themarketuseseconomicleverssuchasprices,interestrates,exchangerates,andtaxratestodistributeorredistributeincometothesubjectsengagedintradingactivitiesinthemarket-producers,consumers,andmiddlemen.Forexample,whenthepriceofacertainindustrialproductrises,producerscanincreasetheirincome,butifthemiddlemengainalot,theproducer'sincomedoesnotincreasemuch.Atthistime,theinterestadjustmentcanbecarriedoutthroughthecollectionofvalue-addedtax.
Principles
EqualityPrinciple
VoluntaryPrinciple
MutualBenefitPrinciple
IntegrityPrinciple
Theory
ClassicalEconomicTheory
AdamSmithtook"individualself-satisfyingactivitieswillpromotesocialwelfare"asalogicalstartingpoint,anddeducedthatthemarketisa"laissez-faire"order.Thegovernmentcannotinterveneinthepursuitofwealthbyindividuals,andthereisnoneedtoworrythatsuchlaissez-fairewillcreatechaos."Aninvisiblehand"willarrangethelaissez-fairepersonaleconomicactivitiesinanorderlymanner.Inotherwords,AdamSmith’smarketconceptfocusesonrestrictinggovernmentinterventioninpersonaleconomicactivities."TheWealthofNations"alsospentaconsiderableamountofspacecriticizingthemercantilistpoliciesthatinterferewithindividualeconomicactivitiesandrestrictindividualeconomicpower(propertyrights).Laterclassicaleconomistsalsoinsistedonlaissez-faireviews.
Neoclassic
Onthebasisofintroducingmarginalconceptsandmathematicalarguments,Neoclassicestablishedaformal"perfect"mathematicalmodelfortheneoclassical"laissez-faireorder":generalbalanced.Inthismodel,priceisthemostimportantindependentvariable.Thismodelcanalsobecalledthepricemechanism.Theprocessofreachinggeneralequilibriumisalsoaprocessinwhichsocialresourcesflowundertheguidanceofprices.Therefore,thepricemechanismregulatestheallocationofsocialresources.
Inadditiontoadding"perfection"inform,theneoclassicalmarketconceptdoesnotactuallyaddnewideologicalconnotationstoclassicaltheories.Inotherwords,underthesurfaceoftheneoclassical"perfect"mathematicalmodel,thereisstillaclassicallaissez-faireorder,and"new"isevenmore"new"inform.Moreover,thisformalperfectioncomesattheexpenseofideologicaldepth.Theexquisitegeneralequilibriummodelarbitrarilyabstractsawaythelogicalsupportof"individualpursuitofself-satisfyingactivitiestopromotesocialwelfare".
Macroeconomics
Theeconomic"GreatDepression"inthe1920sand1930sforcedWesterneconomictheoriststorethinkthedefinitionofthemarketinclassicaltheory.Thefinalansweristhatcompletelaissez-faireisnotenough.Sometimestheinvisiblehanddoesnotexist,andthemarketwillfail.Thegovernmentshouldinterveneinthe"totalamount"ofeconomicactivities,and"macroeconomics"wasborn.RooseveltalsoacceptedKeynes'sproposaltoimplementthe"NewDeal"ofgovernmentinterventionintheeconomy.Ofcourse,thesearenolongerthe"new"policies.
Thenewsystem
Inthefaceofmarketfailures,Coasegavetheoppositeanswer.Theissueofexternalityutilitydoesnotrequiregovernmentinterventionandcanberesolvedbyclarifyingrelevantpropertyrightsandusingthemarket.ZhangWuchangismoreabsolute.Hesaidthatthereisnoso-calledexternalutilityatall,onlyanunclearstateofpropertyrights.Ifclassicaleconomistsexplainedthatthe"market"isa"laissez-faireorder",thenCoaseansweredhowtorealizethe"laissez-faireorder"or"pricemechanism".
>Primitivesociety
WugongCountyinShaanxiProvinceisthehometownofHouJi,theancestorofChinesefarmingcivilization.Accordingtolegend,HouJiwasinJiaojiataieveryspringinancienttimes.Theformertaughtfarmingcropsandtaughtthepeoplefarmingtechniques.EveryyearontheseventhdayofNovemberinthelunarcalendar,peoplefromallovertheworldgatherattheQishuiheDonghetantoteachcropsandbringtheirownharveststothankHoujiandbeginbartering.TheearliestmarketinChinastartedhere.
"ZhouYi·XiCi"wroteontheoriginofthemarket:"ShenNongisacityinJapanandChina,tothepeopleoftheworld,gatherthegoodsoftheworld,tradeandretreat,andeachhasitsownplace."SimaGuangzai"TongJian"alsosaid:"ShenNongisamarketinJapan,tothepeopleoftheworld,gatherthegoodsoftheworld,tradeandretreat,andthisisthebeginningoftheestablishmentofthemarket."BoththeoriesbelievethattheoriginalmarketbegantoappearintheeraoftheShennongclan.of.ButShennongistheancientemperorinthelegend,notnecessarilytrue.However,onethingiscertain.Aftertheancientsocietyofourcountryenteredtheagriculturalperiodandthesocialproductiveforceshaddevelopedtoacertainextent,theancestorsbegantohaveasmallamountofsurplusproductsforexchange,thuscreatingtheoriginalmarket.
Theoriginalmarketis:themarket."City"wasalsocalled"citywell"inancienttimes.Thisisbecausetheinitialtransactionswereconductedatthewell.The"HistoricalRecordsofJustice"wrote:"Theancientsgatheredtodrawwater,andtheysoldwhattheyhad.Becausetheybecameamarket,theywere"marketwells."Therearetwoadvantagestodoingthis.Oneistosolvetheproblemofwaterconsumptionformerchantsandlivestock,andtheotheristowashgoods."FunSutong"says:"Washinthewelltomakethefragranceclean."Later,inShaanxiprovince,therewerewellsformerchantstodrinkhorses.Thislegacyofancienttimeshascontinued.Itwasstillseenintownsandvillagesuntilliberation.Theterm"market"hasalsobeenusedtoday.
ZhouDynasty
IntheZhouDynasty’sofficialmarket,dailytradingactivitiesareheldthreetimes:themorningmarketinthemorning,thebigmarketintheafternoon,andtheeveningmarketintheevening.Thosewhoparticipateintheeveningmarketaresmallmerchantsandhawkers.Themarkethasdoors.Enteringthemarketiscalled"marketentry".Whenthemarketenters,therearesmallofficialsguardingthedoortomaintainthemarketentryorder.Thevarioustradinglocationsinthemarketarecalled"Squadrons".Inthesamemarket,anumberofshopsaresetupaccordingtodifferentoperatingproducts.Thereisahouseforstoringgoodsinthecity,called"廛",whichisthewarehouseforlatergenerations.The廛areallbuiltbythegovernment,somerchantsmustpaytaxesondepositsofgoods,whichiscalled"廛布"(cloth,currency).Thebonddeedsusedintradearecalled"qualifiers".Amongthem,longcouponsarecalled"quality",whichareusedtopurchasegoodssuchascattleandhorses.Theshortcouponsarecalled"agents"andareusedtopurchaseweaponsandrareobjects."Quality"isusedinthebigmarket,and"agent"isusedinthesmallmarket.Theorderissuedbythemarketofficialsiscalledthe"cityorder."Merchantsmustabidebythecityorder,otherwisetheywillbepunished.Oneofthemethodsofpunishmentisfines,called"marketfines."Themarketisnotonlytheplacewherecommoditiesaretraded,butalsotheexecutiongroundwherethegovernmentexecutescriminals.Aftertheexecutionerkilledthecriminal,hedisplayedhisbodytothepublicandcalledit"abandonedcity".Themarketisaplacefor"villagersinthemarket"andaplaceofexecution.Therefore,thegovernmentdoesnotallowhigh-rankingofficialstoenterthemarketcasually.Thosewhoenterwillbepunished."ZhouLi·GuanGuan"wrote:"Madamcrossesthemarket,finesascene;theeldersoncrossesthemarket,afine;ordersahusbandtopassthemarket,finesacover;ordersawifetopassthemarket,afine."Thereasonfordoingthis,Itisto"don'trespectandinferiority"(ZhengKangidiom),thatis,tomaintaintheidentityofthesepeople.Shijing(HanDynastyPortraitStoneTomb)
HanDynasty
IntheWesternHanDynasty,thereweresixmajorcommercialcitiesinthecountry,withthecapitalofChang'anasthehead.Itreliesontheconvenienceoflandandwatercommercialroadstoconnectwithotherfamouscommercialcitiesacrossthecountry,suchasLuoyang,Handan,Linzi,Wan,andChengdu,forminganationwidecommercialnetwork.SimaQiansaid:"ThelandinGuanzhongisone-thirdoftheworld,andthereareonlythreeofthem.However,ifyoumeasureitswealth,itrankssixth."ItcanbeimaginedthatChang'anCityisevenmorewealthyandrichinmaterial.Chang'an'scommercialdistrictsaremainlydistributedinninecities.Amongthem,therearesevenfamouscitiesthatcanbetested,namelyXishi,Liushi,Dongshi,XiaoliCity,Zhishi(becausethepricesarethesame,sothenameis"zhishi"),JiaomenCity,andJiaodaotingCity.Theplanesoftheninecitiesareallsquare.266stepsforallparties.Allcitieshavebuiltwallscalled"Tian"andtheirgatesarecalled"A".Therearecross-shapedpassagesinthecitycalled"tunnels".Onbothsidesofthetunnelare"columns",alsocalled"citycolumns",whicharebuildingsfordisplayingcommodities.Fourseparatetrips,orderly.Behindthecolumn,nexttothecitywall,thereisastoreforstackinggoodscalled"Dishe",whichisthe"廛"oftheZhouDynasty.Aslongasbusinessmenareoperatinginthecity,theymustberegisteredintheregister,whichiscalled"cityregistration."Thosewhohaveobtainedcityregistrationmustpaya"cityrent"tothegovernment.Thecity'sadministrativeagencyislocatedonthe"Qingting"(alsocalledthe"CityBuilding").Fromthedescriptionof"GuoKaiNineCitiesinXijingFu"describedbyZhangHengintheEasternHanDynasty,thebuildingsintheninecitiesaremagnificent.
Accordingtothe"HistoricalRecords·BiographiesofCommodities",thecommoditiescirculatingonthemarketatthattimeweredividedintothefollowingcategories:1.Agriculturalproducts,includinggrains,freshvegetables(suchasleeksandginger),driedvegetables,etc.;2.Forestproducts,Therearelogs,bamboopoles,firewood,fruits(suchasorangesandwildwildfruits),driedfruits(chestnuts),etc.;3.Livestockproducts,includingcattle,sheep,pork,cowhide,sheepskin,pigskin,livestockhornsandtendons;Fisheryproducts,includingfreshfish,largedriedfish,smalltrashfish;5.Sidelineproducts,includingsoybeanpaste,wine,pulp(acidbeverage),silk,cotton(silkcotton),woolenfabrics,foxskin,etc.;6.Handicraftproducts,Suchasoxcarts,carts,lacquerware,copperware,ironware,mats,woodware,etc.;seven,mineralproducts,suchasdansha.Inaddition,thereareslaveswhoareboughtandsoldaslabor."TheTheoryofSaltandIron·Sansufficiency"listsmanynamesofcookedfoodinChang'anCity:Yangtzedolphinsandchiveseggs,dogstewandhorsebelly,friedfishandliver,lambdrowningchickencold,horsebutterwine,stomachedbreast,andglutinouslamb.Dumplings,jiaojiaogoosesoup,self-boiledglutinousrice,hotbeamsandroastedrice.TherearealsoMr.Fortune-tellerssellingdivinationsinChang'anCity.Inthe"HistoricalRecords·BiographyofRizhe",itisrecordedthatintheearlyyearsoftheWesternHanDynasty,JiaYiandotherswenttotheEastCitytovisitthedivinationsellerSimaJizhu.Themarketplaceisalsotheplaceofexecution.
Accordingtothe"BookofHan",inthereignoftheEmperoroftheHanDynasty,DoctorChaoCuoworecourtclothesandwasbeheadedinDongshi..Later,"Dongshicourtclothes"becameanallusion,referringspecificallytotheslaughterofministers.Inadditiontotheninecities,Chang'analsohassomerelativelysmallmarkets.Forexample,thescholarsoftheTaixuegatheredinthegroveoflocusttreesnearTaixueduringthemonthofthereunion,andtradedthelocalproductsandthescriptures,books,shengqingmusicalinstruments,etc.broughtbyeachperson,called"Huaishi".IntheGuanzhongarea,manypeoplehavebecomerichthroughbusiness.Somemademoneybyloansharkingorhoarding,andsomemademoneybysellingpulpandstomach.Atthattime,thepopularsayinggoes:"Agricultureisnotasgoodaswork,andbusinessisnotasgoodasbusiness;embroideredwritingisworsethanrelyingoncitygates."Manyfarmerslefttheirfieldsandcametocitiestodobusinessundertheinducementofthesocialethosofgettingrichfrombusiness.Theabnormalphenomenonof"therearefewpeopleinthecrops,manypeopleinbusinesstrips,butthegoodsarenotripebutthegoodsarenotenough"hasformed.DuringtheHanDynasty,the"SilkRoad"thattraversedEuropeandEastAsiagraduallybecamesmooth.ForeignambassadorsandbusinessmencametoChang'aninanendlessstream.TheybroughttheirownspecialtiesinexchangeforChinesegoods.ThesepeoplelivedinthebarbarianmansiononGaojie,Chang'an.Themansionofthebarbariansbelongedtoagreatofficialofdiplomacyandbusiness,namely,DaHongxu.
SongDynasty
1.Theboundarybetweenthecityandtheworkshopisbroken,andtheoperatingtimelimitisalsobroken.Tradingactivitiesarenolongerdirectlyregulatedbythegovernment.
2."Grassfeeding"ismorecommoninthesuburbsandvillages.
3.HankouTown,FoshanTown,JingdeTownandZhuxianTownarethefourfamouscommercialtowns.