TheoreticalIntroduction
In1865,OttoLipmanconcludedineverychapterof"Kantanditsimitators"that"returntoKant".ThisbookmadetheGermanphilosophers'enthusiasmforKant'sphilosophyriseagain,markingthebeginningofneo-Kantianism.Neo-Kantianismisacademicphilosophy.Attheturnofthecentury,almostalluniversityprofessorsinGermanywereoccupiedbyNeo-Kantianism.
ThismovementrequiresareturntoKantandrequiresaphilosophy.Theinterestintheutilitytheoryofthehumanitiesandtheconstructionofthephilosophicaltheoryofthepoliticalscienceisthecharacteristicofneo-Kantism.TheMarburgSchoolofNeo-KantismprovidedthetheoreticalbasisforBernsteinrevisionism.Neo-KantianismalsoplayedanimportantroleinRussianphilosophyatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.ItbecameabridgebetweenOrthodoxmysticismandmaterialistatheism.
Theformationofthetheory
Kant'sphilosophyfadedintothebackgroundunderthestrongGermanidealismattheendofthe19thcentury.Inthisperiod,ArthurSchopenhauer,whowasstillunknownduringthisperiod,madeacriticalandgroundbreakinganalysisofKant'sepistemologyinthefirsteditionofhismasterpiece"TheWorldasWillandAppearance"(DieWeltalsWilleundVorstellung).OneyearafterHegel'sdeath,FriedrichEduardBeneketookthesecondstepofrediscoveringKantwith"KantunddiephilosophischenAufgabenunsererZeit"(KantunddiephilosophischenAufgabenunsererZeit,1832).ChristianHermannWeisse(ChristianHermannWeisse)madethetitle"InwelchemSinnediedeutschePhilosophiejetztwiederanKantsichzuorientierenhat"in1847.
Theformalriseofneo-Kantianismiscloselyrelatedtothesenames:Helmholtz(HermannvonHelmholtz),Lippmann(OttoLiebmann),Lange(FriedrichAlbertLange),EduardZeller.Langemadeadetailedcritiqueofthisviewinthe"HistoryofMaterialism"(GeschichtedesMaterialismus,1866).Inhis"KantunddieEpigonen"(1865),Lippmannusedfourlargeparagraphstodealwithidealism(Fichte,Schelling,Hegel)andrealism(Herbat).,Empiricism(Fritz),andTranscendentalPhilosophy(Schopenhauer),etc.,andwroteattheendofeachchapterinamannersimilartothebattlecry:"WemustreturntoKant".
Thetermneo-Kantianismwasusedinprofessionalliteraturearound1875.TherepresentativesofthisschoolaretheMarburgSchool(dieMarburgerSchule)andtheSouthwestSchool(SüdwestdeutschenSchule,alsoknownastheHeidelbergSchool).Inaddition,somerelativelyindependentphilosophershavebeenclassifiedunderthenameof"criticism"(Kritizismus).
Earlydevelopment
IntheprocessofreinterpretingKant’sphilosophy,theearlyneo-KantismrepresentedbyLippmann,Lange,etc.onlyemphasizedKant’stheoreticalphilosophyandignoredKant’sPracticephilosophy.IntheinterpretationofKant'stheoryandphilosophy,theygenerallyadoptapsychologicalorphysiologicalviewpoint,thatis,thepsychologicalorphysiologicalstructureofthesubjectisusedtoexplaintheproblemofknowledge.LipmaninterpretedKant'sso-calledtranscendentalnessasthegenerativeorganizationofconsciousness.LangeattributedtheinnateformofknowledgethatKantsaidtotheinnatephysiologicalstructure,thusabandoningthematerialisticfactorsinKant'sphilosophyandmakingKant'sphilosophycompletelyidealistic.
TheMarburgSchool
TheMarburgSchoolisknownforitsmathematicsandscientificorientation,anditsfounderisHermannCohen(1842-1918).CohenstoodagainstPsychologismusfromthestandpointofKantianism."Therearethingsthatarenotcontrolledbypsychology"canbeprovedbythesimplefactthat"mathematicsdoesnotdependonthesubjectinthetextbooks".Correspondingtothis,cognitionisnotonlyrelatedtothesubject.Cohendevelopedanindependentpointofviewafterlinguisticallyinterpretingthecourseofthetimes,thatis,heabsorbedtheidealisticpointofview,andmadejudgmentsratherthanconceptsasthebasisofhumanthinking.PaulNatorp(1854–1924)alsomainlyanalyzedthelogicalbasisofscience,butheopposedtheexistenceoftheobjectitselfandtheintuitionindependentofintelligence.
ErnstCassirer(1874–1945)isclosertothetraditionsoftheMarburgSchoolintermsofhisage,butfromtheperspectiveofhisexplorationofissuessuchasmeaningandsymbolicphilosophy,hehascompletelyShouldbeincludedamongthephilosophersofthe20thcentury.Inhisview,itisnotonlythecategorythatisestablishedintheworldconnection,butalsoavarietyofsymbolicforms,suchaslanguage,religion,art,technology,history,andlaw.
SouthwestSchool
Sofartheoppositeisthevalue-orientedSouthwestSchool(HeidelbergSchool),representedbyWilhelmWindelband(1848–1915)andLiKaierSpecial(HeinrichRickert,1863–1936).ThefirstthingWendelbanvaluesisthedoctrineofuniversalvalue,namelythetruthinthought,thegoodinwillandbehavior,andthebeautyinfeeling.Hedistinguishedtheboundarybetweenhistoryandscienceinprinciple.ForWendelban,tounderstandKantistosurpassKant.LiKeertemphasizedthedifferencebetweenhumanitiesandnaturalsciences,andformedhisownphilosophyofvalue.
Otherschools
InGermany,thereareotherschoolsofneo-Kantianism,suchastherealistschoolrepresentedbyA.LilleandF.Paulson.Metaphysicalschool,psychologyschoolrepresentedbyL.Nelson,etc.However,theirimpactisrelativelysmall.In1896,theGermanphilosopherH.Weihengelalsofoundedthespecialpublication"KantStudies",andin1904establishedthe"KantAssociation".Neo-Kantianismisalsocirculatedinotherwesterncountries.France’sC.LeNouveau,Britain’sR.Adamson,Italy’sC.Cantoni,etc.areactuallyrepresentativesofneo-Kantianism.E.BernsteinandK.SchmidtintheSecondInternationalandGermanandAustrianSocialDemocrats,aswellasRussian"legalMarxists"Π.В.StuartLuweiandothers,areallbelieversofneo-Kantianism.Afterthe1920s,Neo-Kantismgraduallylostitsmomentum.AftertheSecondWorldWar,therewasatendencytoresurrect.