Spreadinghistory
TangDynasty
Firstdiscovery
In627,inChencangshan,FengxiangMansion,Shaanxi(InBeihan,Shigushan,BaojiCity,anoldshepherdfound10strangegraniteboulders.Thesehugestonebodiesareshapedlikedrums,roundandsquare,narrowinthetopandlargeinthebottom,about3feethigh,slightlyconvexinthemiddle,andpeculiarinappearance.Whatispuzzlingisthatwhenthesoilonalargerockiscleared,alargenumberofmysteriouswordsarerevealed,andthebrushworkissostrangethatnoonecanunderstandit.Asaresult,rumorsscattered,andstrangetheorieswerefrequent.Evenvillagerscamehereafterhearingthewind,burningincenseandbowingdown,astonishedasagod-givenfetish.
Sincethen,ChenCanghassuddenlybecomelively.Literatiandinkguestshavecomeheretogetaglimpseofwhattheyare,andexplorethewritingsonthestonetosearchforfamousscholars.Thereareevenbigplayershangingheavymoneytosolvepuzzles.However,themysteryofthetexthasnotonlybeenuncovered,buthasbecomemagicalthroughfolkrumors.
TheAnshiRebellion
Morethan100yearslater,the"AnshiRebellion"brokeout,andtheTangdynastywasprecariousintheflamesofwar.TangSuzong,whowasavoidingwarinYongcheng,heardtherumorsofthestonedrumandwascurious.Heorderedthestategovernmentofficialstotransportthe10strangestonestoChencangMountainandmovethemtothesouthofYongcheng,whichwaslaterthesouthofFengxiangCounty,andwasstationedhere.Ahundredofficialsofthecivilandmilitarytoenjoythefun.
ShiguwasmovedtoYongchenginjustafewmonths,anditwasintroublewiththeadventofwar.WhentherebelsapproachedFengxiang,hundredsofcivilandmilitaryofficialsoftheManchudynastyfled.Inordertoavoidthewar,Shiguwashurriedlymovedtothewildernesstobeburiedanddeclaredtobe"lost".Foratime,theworldregrettedit.
Unearthedagain
Twoyearsafterthestonedrumwasburied,the"AnshiRebellion"wassettledandtheworldwaspeaceful.ThefateofChenCangShigualsousheredinaturningpoint.In806AD,thelocalofficialsvisitedtheburiedplaceofthestonedrumandaskedthefamousexpertsintheareatopresideovertheexcavation.HanYualsosentalettertothecourt,requestingthatthestonedrumbemovedtotheImperialCollegeinBeijingforsafekeepingandre-establishmentofhisacademicstudies.However,HanYu'srequestwasnottakenseriouslybythecourt,andthememorialwasbackloggedinthecourtfor8years.
In814AD,ZhengYuqingtookupthepostofFengxiangyin,part-timeGuoziJijiu,inchargeofnationalacademiceducationandculturalundertakings.HehappenedtoseeHanYu'smemorial,whichhadbeeninthedustforalongtime,andwasdeeplymovedbyit.Therefore,thecourtwasreplayed,hopingtoproperlykeeptheChenCangShigu.Asaresult,thestonedrumsexposedinthewildernessweremovedtothelocalConfucianTemple.
Therebirthofthestonedrumisalreadyeroded,andthehandwritingonthestonedrumisincomplete,whichhasattractedthesighofcountlessfamousscholars.What'sevenmoreregrettableisthatbecauseithasbeenabandonedinthewilderness,oneofthestonedrumsisunexpectedlylost.Thisistheoriginalstonedrumthatoncecausedasensationintheworldandoftencausedacademicdisputesinthepastdynasties.
Thenine-sidedstonedrumstayedunsteadyintheFengxiangConfucianTemple.Morethan90yearslater,theonceprosperousLiTangDynastysuddenlycollapsedinsuccessivewars.WhatisregrettableisthattheFengxiangConfucianTemplewasburneddownduringthewar,andtheninestonedrumshiddeninthetemplewerealsostolen.ChencangStoneDrum,re-escapedintheCaomangRiverandLakeinthetroubledtimes.
SongDynasty
TheNorthernSongDynastyCulturalRelicsFalsificationProjectDirectedbySimaGuang’sFatherSimaChi
WhentheNorthernSongDynastydominatedtheworldandgraduallywipedoutAftertheprincesofonesidewereseparated,theeconomyandcultureofthewholecountrywererestoredinjustafewdecadesandmadealeap.WhenSongRenzongconsultedthehistoricalarchivesleftoverfromthepreviousdynasty,heaccidentallydiscoveredalegendaboutthestonedrum,andhebecamekeenlyinterestedinthecentury-oldChencangstonedrum.
SongRenzongisawell-knownpaintingandcalligraphyemperorinChinesehistory.Hedidnothesitatetousehigh-rankingofficialstopaygenerouslytomaketheworld'stalentedpeoplesearchandfindthewhereaboutsofChenCangShigu.
AfterSimaChi,thefatherofSimaGuang,whowastheprefectofFengxiangatthetime,heardthenews,hetriedhisbesttofindthelegendary10bigrocks,tryingtocasttheking'sfavor.
Afterseveraltwistsandturns,SimachifinallybroughtbacktheChenCangShigu,whichhaddisappearedforahundredyears.Unfortunately,only9stonedrumswerefound,andtheoriginalstonedrumsthatwerelostasearlyastheendoftheTangDynastystillhavenotrace.
TheimpatientSimaChiusedaclumsytrick,privatelysendingcraftsmentocollectsimilarstonesovernight.Soon,heimitatedafake"originalstonedrum"withreferencetotherubbingsofstonedrums.ThistrickreallymadehimwinRenzong'spraiseforhisamazingwork.
It'sapitythatthewell-learnedSongRenzongandthefamousscholarswhocameherequicklydistinguishedtheforgedstonedrums.SimaChiwasawardedarewardforhisoutstandingachievements,andhewasconvictedofforgeryanddeceivingtheemperor.
Nine-facedstonedrumsappearedintheworld,andexperiencedaturmoilofforgery,sothemissing"OriginalStoneDrums"immediatelybecamefamousintheworld.Itisbelievedthatitsvaluecanbeoneenemynine,andthenitcausedthetyrantstospendthousandsofdollars.Jinlooksforthetrendof"makingoriginalstonedrums".However,itwasnotuntil1052,whenXiangChuanshi,aJinshicollector,arrivedinFengxiangthatthebrokenhistoryofShigugainedaturningpoint.
Themissing"ZuoyuanStoneDrum"wasfoundinthebutcher'shouse
XiangChuanshiwasawell-knowncollectorofgoldandstoneintheNorthernSongDynasty.TheoriginalrelationshipwiththestonedrumcamefromarubbingoftheTaishistonedrumtextheobtainedwithalotofmoney.Whencomparingtherubbingsofotherstonedrumsinhishand,heunexpectedlydiscoveredthatthisnewrubbingactuallyretainedthewords"astheoriginalstonedrum".Butinfact,the"OriginalStoneDrum"hasbeenlostformorethan200years,anditisimpossibleforanewrubbingtocomeout.Otherwise,howcouldSongRenzongpostyellowlistsallovertheworldforhigh-rankingofficialsandheavygold?
Thediscoveryoftherubbingofthe"OriginalStoneDrum"madeMasterXiangawakeallnight.Aftermanyinvestigations,itwasfinallyfoundthatthisrubbingoriginatedfromtheTaifamilyinGuanzhong.Forfearoflongnightsanddreams,heimmediatelypreparedhishorseandsetoff.
WhenhearrivedatTaishiVillage,hewascompletelystunnedbythesightinfrontofhim.ItturnedoutthattheTaishifamilyalldiedoftheplaguesixmonthsago.Inordertopreventthespreadoftheplague,thegovernmentburnedallTai'shouseandproperty.ThisbadnewsisathunderboltintheblueskyforXiangChuanshi,whohastraveledthousandsofmiles.
Hewasexhaustedphysicallyandmentallyandfoundaninntosettledowninaverydisappointedmood.Thenextmorning,MasterXiangwasawakenedbythesoundofsharpeningaknifefromthebackyard.Itturnedoutthatabutcheratthebackoftheinnwassharpeningaknife.Hewalkedtothedoorofthebutcher.Hesawthatthebutcherwassharpenedwithcoldlight.Whatsurprisedtheteacherwasthewhetstoneusedbythebutcher.Althoughitwaswornout,thereweresomeKindofastonedrumstyle.Heapproachedandtookacloserlook,andsomefamiliarhandwritingfaintlyappearedonthewhetstonewasfaintlydiscernible.Itturnsoutthatthisisthe"OriginalStoneDrum"thathasbeenmissingformorethan200yearsandhasattractedthelingeringdreamsofthepeopleofseveraldynastiesandgenerations.
Thestonedrumhaschangedbeyondrecognition.Theupperparthasbeencutoffbythevillagers,themiddleiscutintoaconcaveshapeforpoundingrice,andthetwobrokensidesontheupperpartareusedbythebutchertosharpenknives.Mostofthetextonthestonedrumwasrubbedoffanddamagedseverely,leavingonlytheremaining4linesoftext.
Soon,theprefectofFengxiangreceivedalettertothepreacher.So,theymobilizedsoldiersandrushedtoGuanzhongovernighttoprotectShiguandXiangChuanshibacktoFengxiang.ThenhesentShigutoBianliang.Forhismeritoriousworkinsearchingforstonedrums,MasterXiangreceivedmanyawardsfromthecourtandobtainedasetofrubbingsofstonedrums.
Sofar,the10stonedrumsarefinallyreunited,buttheirfateofdriftingawaycontinues.
ShiguDianpei'sfatehasbeendifficulttostopduetowars
SongHuizong,whoclaimstobe"theworld'sfirstscholar",isanothercalligraphyandpaintingoftheNorthernSongDynastyEmperor.OntheissueofShigu,henotonlyinheritedtheobsessionofSongRenzong,thepredecessor,butevenmorespoiled.In1110AD,afterthe"OriginalStoneDrum"wastransportedtothecapital,the10stonedrumswereofficiallytransferredtoTaixueforpreservation.Later,hemovedintotheBaoheHalltoaccompanyeachotherdayandnight.
Inthefuture,SongHuizongunexpectedlycameupwithawhim,andorderedthefillingofgoldbetweenthetextslotsonthe10stonedrumsandagoldenbodyforit.
DuringthechangeofJingkang,JinbingattackedBianliang,tooktheEmperorHuiandQinabducted,andwasescortedtoprisonintheNortheastWasteland.The10stonedrumswereregardedastreasuresbythegoldsoldiersbecauseofthegoldfilledinthedrumbody,andfollowedthelootedEmperorHuiqinandmovednorth.
AfterthestonedrumsweretransportedtoYanjing,thegoldpeoplewhodidnotknowtheCentralPlainsculturedidnotdiscoveritsvalue.Theyonlyremovedthegoldfilledonthestonedrumsanddiscardedtheminthewilderness.Sofar,Shiguwaslostforthethirdtimeduetowar.
Yuan,MingandQingDynasties
HidinginYanjing
In1234,thecombinedforcesoftheSouthernSongandMongoliaattackedYanjingandfollowedthearmyBychance,WangLi,thedoctorofthecensorship,discovered10stonedrumshiddenintheruins.WangQiwasborninFengxiangguoCounty(nowChencangDistrict,BaojiCity),andhadthesamerootandoriginasShigu.HekeptitintheConfucianTempleandaskedforspecialcaregiver.AftertheYuan,Ming,andQingdynasties,ShiguneverleftBeijing.
Modern
However,thestabledaysofthe10-facedstonedruminBeijingonlylasteduntilthe1930s.AftertheJapanesewarofaggressionagainstChinabrokeout,the10stonedrumscontinuedtomovealongwiththeNationalTreasuresoftheForbiddenCity.AfterashortstayinNanjing,theyweretransportedtoChongqingwithdifficulty.
AfterthevictoryoftheAnti-JapaneseWar,thesestonedrumsweretransportedbacktoNanjingfromChongqing.Dangersaboundedduringthetransportation.Thecarcarryingthestonedrumhasexperiencedtworolloveraccidents,andthe10stonedrumsalmostsufferedanothercalamity.
AftertheLiberationWarbrokeout,ChiangKai-sheksawthatthegeneralsituationwasover,andmadepreparationstoretreatinahurry,andtransportedalargenumberofnationaltreasuresandculturalrelicstoTaiwan.Atthistime,ChenCangShigu,whichhadbeensentbacktoBeijing'sForbiddenCityforcustody,washurriedlytransportedtotheairport.Butbeforetakeoff,thepilotreportedthattheplanewasseriouslyoverloadedandcouldnotguaranteeflightsafety.Afterrepeateddiscussionswithagroupofpeople,the10stonedrumshadtobeleftbehind,andtheywereeventuallypreserved.
ThefateofShigu’sdriftinganddriftinghasalwaysbeencloselyrelatedtothesufferingsthattheChinesenationhasexperienced.Thefragmentedhistoryitcarriesandtheunsolvedmysteriesshrouditmakeitintheupsanddownsofhistory.Itismoreuniqueandpreciousinthetide.
Characteristicsofculturalrelics
Therearetenstonedrums,twofeethigh,andmorethanonefootindiameter.Theylooklikeabulge,butthetopisthin,thebottomisthickandthetopisslightlyrounded(actuallyintheshapeofablock),duetotheinscriptionThereisalotoftalkaboutfishingandhunting,soitisalsocalled"hunting."Thefour-characterpoem,whichisdividedintotenpoemsinXianwen,hasmanycharactersthathavebeenobliterated,andthereisnocharacterintheninthdrum.
Althoughthetextonthe10-facedstonedrumisself-contained,ithasacertainconnection.ItisalongpoemdescribingthehuntingofthearistocraticclassintheQinDynasty.Thepoemswithtwostonedrums("ThousandMianDrum"and"ChegongDrum")arerelativelycomplete.feelthat.
"Miangu"describesthebeautifulsceneryofQianheRiver.Theoriginalmeaningoftheoriginaltextis:"Underthecurvaceouswillows,thegurglingwaterinLiheisclearandtransparent,catfishandcarpareingroupsinthewater,thegentlemanisfishing,therearemanysmallfishswimmingslowly,andthewhitefisharerushingtoeat.Waterplants,yellowandwhitefishandfish,theshadowsareclearlyvisibleontherocksatthebottomoftheriver."Thisisabeautifulmood,whichmakespeoplesighandintoxicate."ChegongDrum"describesthesceneofQinGongouthunting.ShengYan'smanyvehicles,thebeautyofthehornedbowandthesceneofshootingarrowswiththebowandchasingtheprey.
"TiancheDrum":AdescriptionofthegrandsafariofQinGongandhisentourage.
"LuangDrum":ItisadescriptionofQinGong'ssafarithroughGuocheng.TheLuangcarhangsredbowsandredarrows,andpeoplegathertoofferprey.Atthistime,thecrowdislikeabarrieranditisverylively.
"YuyuDrum":AdescriptionofwhatQinGongandhisentouragesawfromalowplacewhentheywalkedtheLiheRiver.
"Astheoriginaldrum":Itdescribesthesceneofrepairingtheoriginalplaceonthemountain.
"WuPeople'sDrum":ItisadescriptionofYupeoplerushingtosacrificeforQinGong.
"MyWaterDrum":DescribesthebeautifulriversandmountainsofQinStatewithclearwatersandflatroads.
"TeacherDrum":NarrateQinGong'spoems.
"MaJiangu":Adescriptionofthesceneofencounterswhenreturningfromhunting.
Stonedrumcharacters
Stoneinscriptions
Becauseofthewordsonthestonedrum,thevalueofthestonedrumdoubled,whichwasgreatlypraisedbythescholarsandwritersatthattime.ZhangHuai-wan’s"BookBreak"says:"The"StoneDrumWen"opensandclosestheancienttexts,smoothlyandsharply,butitisstraightandfast,likeanironneedle,butitissoftandgentle.""The"StoneDrum"islikeagoldenring,andtheZhicaoTuanyunisnottroublesometorectifyitself."Atthattimecalligraphers,suchasYuShinan,ChuSuiliang,OuyangXun,etc.alladmiredthestonedrumandcopieditpersonally.ThereisacollectionofZhaoMengfuintheYuanDynasty.Manywritersofthetime,suchasDuFu,SuShi,HanYu,etc.,wrotepoemsforShigu.
"ZhangShengholdsthestonedruminscription,persuadingmetotrythestonedrumsong"—HanYu'swordsrecordthehistoryofQinbeforeunification.
Stonedrumwriting,alsoknownas"Liejie"or"YongyiCarvedStone",istheearliestextantstoneinscriptioninChina.Withoutaspecificdate,bothWeiYingwuofTangDynastyandHanYu's"StoneDrumSong"areconsideredtobestonecarvingsintheperiodofKingZhouXuan.SongDynastyOuyangXiu's"ShiguPostscript"hasthreedoubts,butstillbelievesthatitbelongstoZhouXuanWangShiShiLai.SongZhengQiao's"TongZhilue"believedthatthe"StoneDrum"wasapre-Qinthing,madeafterKingHuiwenandbeforeShiHuang.BothLuoZhenyu's"ShiguwenTextualResearch"andMaXulun's"ShiguwenShuji"areconsideredtobeartifactsofQinWengong'stime,andtheyarenotverydifferentfromWeiandHan's,onlyseventeenyears.AccordingtoGuoMoruo'stextualresearch,the"Shigu"waswrittenintheeighthyearofQinXianggong,whichisclosertoKingXuan.ThedifferenceisduetoShiLai'shandwritingorQinChen'shandwritingatthetimeofKingXuan.
Hisbookishand-writtenbyShiLai.Hispostureisgrandiose,roundandunrestrained,withvigoroustemperament,strongandsoft,andtheancientMaoissimpleandunpretentious.Horizontalandvertical,rigorousandneat,makinggooduseofthecenter,thestrokethicknessisbasicallythesame,somearesymmetricalandstraight,andsomecharactersarejagged,closetoXiaozhuanwithouttherigidityofXiaozhuan.Intermsofthelayoutofthecomposition,althoughthecharactersareindependent,buttheyalsonoticedtherelationshipbetweenupanddown,leftandright,andthestrengthofthepenisextremelyprominentinthestonecarvings.Intheancientcalligraphy,itcanbecalleduniqueandunique.of.
KangYouweicalledit"likethelandofthegoldendynasty,thecloudofgrassandgrass,itdoesnotbotherme,anditisunique."Hiscalligraphyisthecharactersofthetransitionperiodfromthebigsealtothesmallseal.Chasingbigsealsandgoingtoschoolforsmallseals,nothingislost.Latergenerationsofseallearnersareregardedasauthentic,andallofthemarestudying.YangYisun,WuDacheng,WuChangshuo,WangFu'an,etc.areallabletodothis.
Rubbings
TherubbingsofstonedruminscriptionsexistedintheTangDynasty,buttheyhavenotbeenhandeddown.SongAnguo'scollectionofstonedrumsfromSongDynastywassoldbyQinWenjinoftheRepublicofChinatoTsuenluKawai,Tokyo,Japan.Inaddition,theearlyrubbingscirculatedinthesocietyincludetheNorthernSongDynasty's"Pioneer","Zhongquan",and"Stamina".Amongthem,theTianyiPavilionTibetanNorthernSongDynastyTuocun422-charactercopyisthemost.However,theoriginalTakuyahaslost,andnowIcanonlyseethephotosofthesethreerubbingscollectedbyGuoMoruoinJapaninthe1930s.TheSongrubbing"Pioneer"inthecollectionofAnguo,andaphotocopyoftheOldCommercialPressandCulturalRelicsPublishingHouse,areincludedinthebook"StoneDrumLiteratureResearch"byGuoMoruo.Therearephotocopiesof"Zhongquan"bytheShanghaiYiyuanZhenshouSocietyandtheJapaneseYakudoHall.Thereisaphotocopyof"Stamina"inthe"BookMarksSeries"publishedbytheZhonghuaBookCompanyandNixuanshaofJapan.Thethirdissueof"Calligraphy"in1984,ShanghaiCalligraphyandPaintingPublishingHouse,alsopublishedtheSongTuophotocopyofShiguwen.
Controversyoverculturalrelics
ControversyOne
Theageofstonedrumcarvinghasnotbeenfinalized.WeiYingwuandHanYu’s"StoneDrumSong""ItisconsideredtobeastonecarvedduringtheperiodofKingZhouXuan,andOuyangXiu's"ShiguPostscript"isalsoconsideredtobetheworkofZhouXuanKingShiShiLai.LuoZhenyu's"StoneGuwen"isconsideredtobethetimeofQinWengong,ortheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesinthe6thcenturyAD.GuoMoruothoughtofthetimeofQinXianggong,andTangLankaoregardeditastheinscriptioninthe11thyearofQinXiangong(374BC).MaHeng,theformerdeanofthePalaceMuseum,identifiedthestonedrumsinthePre-Qinperiodinthe"StoneGuWenqinInscriptionsonStones",butthespecificdatesaredifferent.
Controversy2
The10bigstonesshouldbeordered,andthe10longpoemscarvedonthestonedrumnaturallyhavetheirorder.Unfortunately,whenShiguwasdiscoveredinthewilderness,noonepaidmuchattentiontothisdetail.Afterwards,itmigratedseveraltimes,whichmadethetextualresearchmoredifficult.
However,scholarsofthepastdynastiesstillnamedthefirsttwocharactersbasedonthewordsonthestonedrum,namely,汧沔gu,lathedrum,Tianchedrum,Luanchedrum,Zhiyudrum,Zuoyuandrum.,AndShigu,MaJiangu,Wushuigu,Wurengu.Later,scholarsofJinshimadeavarietyofversionsforthem,buttheyfailedtoconvincetheworld.
Evaluationofculturalrelics
Oneofthenationaltreasuresoftheninetowns,the"Dongfanghong"oftheGreatQinEmpire.
AsfortheexactdateofShiguwen,scholarshavebeendiscussingandproposingvariousopinionsforthousandsofyears.Sofar,thereisnodefiniteconclusionthatcanbeagreedbyeveryone.ManyscholarsbelievethatitistheworkofQinJinggong.Mr.GaoMingdiscussedthisissueagainandputforwardnewinsights.Heisbasedonthethreeevidencesofthestonedrumcharacter,thecarvingtoolsandthetitleofQinJun.
ItisbelievedthatthetimeofstonedruminscriptionsshouldbeinthelateWarringStatesperiod.KingHuiwenQinistheonlyonewhocanbecalledboththepublicandtheheir.Thisismoreinlinewiththecontentofthestonedruminscriptions.Thecharactercharacteristicsandcarvingtoolsalsobelongtothisperiod.Mr.TangLanoncepointedoutthatbothChuWenandShiHuangcarvedstonescameoutlate,andbelievedthatthestonedrumshouldbeinthefirstfourcenturies(thetimeofofferingtothepublic).GilbertLMattos(MaJidao),whenstudyingQinShigu,alsobelievedthattheatmosphereofstonecarvingappearedrelativelylateinChina,sothestonedrumshouldbeaworkofthefirstfivecenturies.ThecombinationofthisinsightandcleverperspectivecanprovideamorereasonableexplanationfortheargumentthatShiguwenwasproducedinthelateWarringStatesperiod.