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Sun Yat-sen


Time: 31/01/2022 1535Views

Characterrelationship

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Lifeofthecharacter

Childhood

November12,1866(Tongzhififthyear,October6th),SunYat-senwasborninGuangdong.Hegrewupinanordinaryfamily.AfterhisbrotherSunMeiwenttoMauitoreclaimwasteland,runaranchandshop,hisfamilysituationimproved.In1875(thefirstyearofGuangxu),SunYat-senenteredthevillageschoolandreceivedtraditionaleducation.SunYat-sen'sfatherworkedasashoemakerinBanzhangtangStreetinMacauwhenhewasyoung.SunYat-senoftentraveledbetweenMacauandhishometownwithhisparentssincehewasachild.Macau'sChineseandWesternculturesblendedandprospered.

Hardexploration

PicturesofSunYat-sen'slife(17photos)

In1878,12-year-oldSunYat-senwenttoHonoluluwithhismother.HiseldestbrotherSunMeisponsoredSunYat-sentoreceiveWestern-stylemoderneducationsystematicallyinHonolulu,Guangzhou,HongKongandotherplaces.

In1883,the17-year-oldSunYat-senreturnedtoChinafromHonoluluandwenttoHongKongtostudyinthesameyear.DuringhisfiveyearsofstudyingmedicineinHongKong,SunYat-senandYangHeling,ChenShaobai,andYouLieformedasmallgroupknownasthe"FourBandits".Atthattime,YangHeling's"YangSiKouHall"inMacaualsobecameoneoftheimportantplacesofSunYat-sen'sactivitiesinMacau.Atthattime,SunYat-senbelievedthatLiHongzhangwasdifferentfromordinarybureaucrats,butafigurewithinnovativeideas.

SunYat-sen'searlythoughtwasinfluencedalotbyZhengGuanying'sthought.Inthespringof1892,ZhengGuanyingcompiledafive-volume"WarningWordsontheProsperousAge"inMacau.Thearticle"NongGong"writtenbySunYat-senatthetimewasretouchedbyZhengGuanyingandincludedinthebook.In1892,SunYat-sengraduatedfromHongKongCollegeofWesternMedicine.InSeptember1892,the26-year-oldSunYat-sencametoMacauJinghuHospitalandbecamethefirstvolunteerphysicianinthenewlyestablishedWesternMedicalBureau,becomingthefirstChinesewesterndoctorinMacau.

Attheendofthe19thcentury,Chinawasreducedtoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalsociety.SunYat-sensawthattheChinesenationwasindangerofbeingdividedupbyWesternpowersanddecidedtoabandonthe"medicalcareer"andpursuethe"medicalcountrycareer".HehopedThroughLiHongzhang,theQinggovernmentcanimplementtop-downsocialreforms.InJanuary1894,SunYat-senwrotethe"BookonLiHongzhang",whichfocusedonSunYat-sen'sinnovativeideasonimitatingWesternpoliticalsystemsinordertomakeChinaprosperousandstrong.Later,SunYat-senandLuHaodongwenttoShanghaitovisitZhengGuanying,andintroducedSunYat-sentoTianjintomeetLiHongzhangthroughWangTao.

InJune1894,SunYat-senandLuHaodongwenttoTianjinfromShanghai,eagertomeetLiHongzhangandtalkabouthisideasforsavingthecountry.However,SunYat-sendidnotseeLiHongzhangduringhistrip.Atthesametime,SunYat-sensawthecorruptionofQinggovernmentofficialsinTianjin,whichchangedhisthinking.Therefore,SunYat-senandLuHaodongleftTianjinandtransferredtoShanghaiforHonolulu.

OnNovember24,1894,SunYat-senfoundedtheXingzhongClubinHonolulu,takingthemeaningof"revitalizingChina".Sincethen,SunYat-senisdeterminedto"savethepeopleinthewaterandfire,andhelpthemansionstofall",andclearlyputforwardthepropositionof"removingtheTartars,restoringChina,andcreatingaunitedgovernment."Forthefirsttime,theChinesepeoplewerepresentedwithaprogramforoverthrowingtheQingdynastyandestablishingademocraticrepublic.Atthesametime,SunYat-senalsocompletedthegreattransformationfromareformisttoademocrat.

AmongtheseniorcadreswhofollowedSunYat-seninhisearlyyears,Cantoneseaccountedforthelargestproportion,suchasDengYinnan,LuHaodong,YangHeling,ChenShaobai,YouLie,LiJitang,XieYantai,ChengKuiguang,ShiJianru,ZhengShiliang,FengZiyou,WangChonghui,HuHanmin,ZhuZhixin,LiaoZhongkai,HeXiangning,GaoJianfu,ChenShuren,GuYingfen,XuChongzhi,ZouLu,DengZeru,LiFulin,etc.MostofthesepeoplearefromCantonese,andsomeofthemareCantonese-speakingHakkas.SunYat-sen'srevolutionaryfundsweredonatedbyoverseasChineseandbusinessmen,especiallyLiYutang,LiZizhong,JianZhaonan,JianYujie,etc.asoutstandingrepresentatives.

InFebruary1895(thetwenty-firstyearofGuangxu),inHongKong,theFuRenWenSociety,anorganizationoflocalpatrioticintellectuals,wasestablishedtoestablishtheHongKongXingzhongAssociation.InOctoberofthesameyear,theXingzhonghuiconspiredtorevoltinGuangzhou,buttheincidentfailed.SunYat-senwasforcedtogoabroad.

InOctober1896(the22ndyearofGuangxu),hewastrappedbytheQingembassyinLondon,England,andwasrescuedbyhisBritishfriendKanteli.Afterthat,SunYat-seninspectedtheeconomicandpoliticalconditionsofEuropeanandAmericancountriesindetail,studiedpoliticaltheoriesofvariousschools,andcontactedprogressivepeopleinEuropeanandAmericancountries,andproducedadistinctivetheoryofpeople'slivelihood,andthethoughtoftheThreePeople'sPrincipleswasinitiallyformed.In1897(thetwenty-thirdyearofGuangxu),SunYat-senwenttoJapantomakefriendswithhisrulingandoppositionparties.

InOctober1900(thetwenty-sixthyearofGuangxu),ZhengShiliangwassenttoSanzhoutianinHuizhou,Guangdong(ieHuiyang)tolaunchanuprising.Therebelsfoughtforhalfamonthandwerequitesuccessfulatfirst,butlaterfailedduetounsuccessfulpayments.AftertheReformMovementof1898,duetotheactivitiesoffriendlypeopleinJapan,SunYat-senandthereformistsrepresentedbyKangYouweiandLiangQichaodiscussedcooperationissues.However,becausethereformistsinsistedonprotectingtheemperorandopposedtherevolution,thecooperationcouldnotberealized.

Jointherevolution

In1894,SunYat-senestablishedtheXingzhonghuiinHonolulu.LiuXiang(storemanager)andHeKuan(bankmanager)wereelectedaschairmanandvicechairman.SunYat-sendraftedtheConstitutionoftheXingzhongAssociation,emphasizingtheseriousnessofthenationalcrisiscausedbytheimperialistaggressionagainstChina,andstipulatingthat"revitalizingChina"isthemainpurposeoftheLegislativeCouncil.Healsodraftedasecretoathofmembership,andputforwardtherevolutionarypropositionof"removingtheTartars,restoringChina,andcreatingaUnitedGovernment."ThisisChina'sfirstdemocraticrevolutionaryprogramwiththegoalofestablishinganewsystem.AftertheestablishmentoftheXingzhongClub,itestablishedbranchesinsomeplacesinHawaii,anditsmembershipincreasedtomorethan100people.UndertheleadershipofSunYat-sen,theXingzhonghuiorganizedmemberstoconductmilitarytrainingandraisefundsfrompatrioticoverseasChineseinpreparationforanarmeduprisingagainsttheQingDynasty.

In1905(the31styearofGuangxu),revolutionarygroupswereestablishedamongoverseasstudentsfromBelgium,Germany,Franceandothercountries.Duringthisperiod,theyalsoestablishedconnectionswithdomesticrevolutionarygroupsandrevolutionarypatriots.InAugust,SunYat-sen,HuangXingandothers,basedonrevolutionarygroupssuchastheXingzhonghuiandHuaxinghui,establishedthenationalbourgeoisrevolutionarypartyChinaLeagueinTokyo,Japan.SunYat-senwaselectedastheprimeminister.Heproposed"ExpellingtheTartars,restoringChina,foundingtheRepublicofChina,andequalizinglandrights"wasadoptedastheprogramoftheTongmenghui.SunYat-senfirstproposedthethreemajorprinciplesofnationality,civilrights,andpeople’slivelihoodinastatementpublishedbytheofficialnewspaper"MinBao"oftheTongmenghui.TheestablishmentoftheTongmenghuihaseffectivelypromotedthedevelopmentofthenationalrevolutionarymovement.SunYat-sensentpeopletovariousplacesathomeandabroadtoorganizeandpropagaterevolution.HehimselfwenttovariouspartsofSoutheastAsiatopropagateandraiserevolutionaryfundsfromoverseasChinesein1905and1906,andsetupbranchesoftheTongmenghuiinsomeplaces.Hewidelydisseminatedthebourgeoisdemocraticrepublicanthoughts,whichenabledmorepeopletodevotethemselvestotheanti-Qingrevolution.ThecriticismofthereformistsledbySunYat-senmadestrongideologicalpreparationsfortheoutbreakoftheRevolutionof1911.From1906to1911,theTongmenghuiorganizedseveralarmeduprisingsinvariouspartsofSouthChina.SunYat-senformulatedastrategicpolicyfortheuprisingandranoverseastoraisefundsfortheuprising.

DuringtheZhennanguanUprisinginDecember1907(the33rdyearofGuangxu),SunYat-senalsowenttothefrontlinetoparticipateinthebattle.Alltheuprisingsfailedduetolackofmassfoundationandinsufficientorganization.However,therevolutionarypartyfollowedsuitandfoughtbravely,whichdealtaheavyblowtotheQinggovernmentandgreatlyencouragedthepeopleofthewholecountry;especiallyin1911(Xuantongthreeyears)4TheHuanghuagangUprisinginGuangzhouonthe27thcausedahugeshockacrossthecountry.

Overthrowthemonarchy

OnOctober10,1911(Xuantongthreeyears),theWuchangUprisingbrokeout,andvariousprovincesresponded.AfterSunYat-senlearnedthenewsintheUnitedStates,hereturnedtoChinainlateDecemberandwaselectedastheinterimpresidentoftheRepublicofChinabyrepresentativesofthe17provinceswith16votesforand1againstwith1voteperprovince.OnJanuary1,1912(thefirstyearoftheRepublicofChina),SunYat-senannouncedhisinaugurationinNanjingandformedtheProvisionalGovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.OnFebruary12,EmperorXuantong(Puyi)announcedhisabdication.TheQingruleof267yearsandthemonarchysystemof2000yearswereoverthrownandtherepublicwasestablished.SunYat-senformulatedandpromulgatedaseriesofreformandprogressivedecrees.OnMarch11,hepromulgatedthe"ProvisionalConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina"withthenatureoftheconstitutionofthebourgeoisrepublic.

DuetothestrongpressureofimperialismanddomesticfeudalismandthedisintegrationoftheRevolutionaryPartyitself,SunYat-senwasforcedtoresignfromthepostofinterimpresidentonFebruary13,1912aftertheabdicationoftheQingemperor.LocatedinYuanShikai,hewasformallydismissedonApril1.Aftermorethanayear,SunYat-senactivelypromotedpeople'slivelihood,calledfortheimplementationofequallandrights,andadvocatedtheestablishmentofindustries;healsopersonallyservedasthenationalrailwaysupervisor,tryingtoraiseforeigncapitaltobuildrailwaytrunklines.However,becausethegovernmentfellintothehandsofYuanShikai,andhis100,000-milerailwayplanwasfarbeyondthecapacityofthenationalpoweratthetime,SunYat-sen'svisiondidnotbecomeareality.

InAugustofthesameyear,theLeagueofNationswasreorganizedintotheKuomintang,andSunYat-senwaselectedasthechairmanoftheboard.InMarch1913(thesecondyearoftheRepublicofChina),SongJiaoren,actingchairmanoftheKMT,wasassassinatedbythewarriorYing.SunYat-senbelievedthatYuanShikaiwasresponsibleandadvocatedagainstYuanbyforce.LaunchedasecondrevolutioninJuly,andwentintoexileinJapanagainafterfailure.

InJune1914(thethirdyearoftheRepublicofChina),SunYat-senorganizedtheChineseRevolutionaryPartyinTokyo,hopingtorestoreandcarryforwardthespiritoftheTongmenghui.YuanShikaifailedtorestorethemonarchy.SunYat-senreturnedtoChinainearlyMay1915(thefourthyearoftheRepublicofChina)andcontinuedtofighttodefendtherepublic.XuanreturnedtoJapanandmarriedSoongChingLinginTokyoonOctober25.

InJuly1917(thesixthyearoftheRepublicofChina),becausetheBeiyangwarlordheadedbyDuanQiruidisbandedtheNationalAssemblyandabandonedthe"ProvisionalTreaty",SunYat-senunitedwiththeSouthwestwarlordtoestablishamilitarygovernmentinGuangzhou,andwaselectedasamajorMarshal,foughtawartodefendthelaw.However,SunYat-senwassqueezedoutbywarlordsandpoliticiansinthemilitarygovernmentandhadtoresignasgeneralmarshalinMay1918(theseventhyearoftheRepublicofChina).ThefailureofthefirstwartodefendthelawmadeSunYat-senrealizethattheNorthandSouthwarlordsareallinthesamegroup.From1918to1920,SunYat-sencompletedthe"StrategiesforBuildingaNation"thathehadwritteninthepast,summarizedpastrevolutionaryexperience,andputforwardagrandplantotransformandbuildChina.

UniteRussiatoRidetheCommunistParty

In1917(thesixthyearoftheRepublicofChina),theRussianOctoberRevolutionwasvictorious.SunYat-sencalledLeninandtheSovietgovernmentthefollowingsummertocongratulatethegreatvictoryoftheRussianRevolution.TheMayFourthMovementin1919(theeighthyearoftheRepublicofChina)gaveSunYat-senagreatencouragement.Hespokehighlyofandsupportedthestudentmovement.InAugust1919,SunYat-senappointedHuHanmin,ZhuZhixin,LiaoZhongkaiandotherstoestablishthe"Construction"magazineinShanghaitovigorouslypromotethetheoryofdemocraticrevolution.InOctober,itwasannouncedthattheChineseRevolutionaryPartywasreorganizedintotheChineseKuomintang.

InAugust1920(theninthyearoftheRepublicofChina),SunYat-seninstructedthetroopsstationedinFujianandGuangdongtoreturntoGuangdongandexpelledtheGuangxiwarlord.InNovember,SunYat-senreturnedtoGuangzhouandraisedthebanneroftheDharma.SunYat-senbegancontactingSovietRussiansin1920(theninthyearoftheRepublicofChina).InMay1921(thetenthyearoftheRepublicofChina),hetookofficeastheextraordinarypresidentelectedbytheextraordinarycongressinGuangzhou,andthenwenttoGuangxitoeliminatetheforcesoftheGuangxiwarlordLuRongtingandprepareforthenorthernexpeditionbasedonGuangxiandGuangxi.InDecember,SunYat-senmetwithMaLin,therepresentativeoftheCommunistInternationalinGuilin,todiscusstheestablishmentofarevolutionarypartyandrevolutionaryarmedforces.

InApril1922(theeleventhyearoftheRepublicofChina),ImetwiththeplenipotentiaryrepresentativesofSovietRussiainGuangzhou,andturnedfromillusionstoimperialismforassistancetothehopeofunitingRussia.InJune,duetopoliticaldisagreementswithChenJiongming,SunYat-senwasforcedtoleaveGuangzhouandgotoShanghai.Afterthat,SunYat-senacceptedthehelpoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandSovietRussia,andproposedthreemajorpoliciesofunitingRussia,unitingtheCommunistParty,andhelpingfarmersandworkers.

InJanuary1923(thetwelfthyearoftheRepublicofChina),SunYat-senandtheSovietrepresentativeYueFeiissuedthe"SunWenYueFeiDeclaration",whichlaidthefoundationforthealliancewithRussia,andthensentLiaoZhongkaitoJapantonegotiatewithYueFei.Atthesametime,theYunnanandGuangxitroopswhoexpressedtheirobediencetoSunYat-senexpelledChenJiongmingfromGuangzhou.InFebruary,SunYat-senreturnedtoGuangzhoufromShanghaitorebuildthearmyandnavybasecamp,commandingthetroopsinthenameofGeneralissimo,andcomprehensivelymanagingpoliticalaffairs.Atthesametime,thepreparationsforthereorganizationoftheChineseKuomintanghavebeensteppedup.InAugust,adelegationofDr.SunYixianheadedbyChiangKai-shekwassenttotheSovietUniontoinspectpolitics,partyaffairsandmilitaryaffairs.InOctober,BaoLuoting,whowassentbytheSovietUnion,washiredasanadviser.Then,LiaoZhongkai,TanPingshanandotherswereappointedtoformanewProvisionalCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheChineseKuomintang,responsibleforthepreparationsforthereorganizationoftheKuomintang.

InJanuary1924(thethirteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina),theFirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangwasheldinGuangzhou.Throughthepartyplatformandpartyconstitution,theThreePeople’sPrincipleswerereinterpreted.Atthesametime,theHuangpuMilitaryAcademywasestablishedtotraintherevolution.Armedcadres.ChenJiongming’srebellionputSunYat-seninanextremelydifficultsituation.HewasdeterminedtoacceptthehelpoftheCommunistInternationalandtheCommunistPartyofChina,andwelcomedLiDazhaoandotherCommuniststojointheChineseKuomintanginhispersonalcapacity.InMay,SunYat-senfoundedtheArmyOfficerSchoolonChangzhouIsland,Huangpu,Guangzhou,layingthefoundationfortheestablishmentofarevolutionaryarmy.

Therevolutionfailed

Intheearlydays,SunYat-sentriedhardtowintheaidofJapan,Britain,France,theUnitedStatesandothercountriestoaidChina'srevolutionandconstruction,buttheydidnotgetanyresults.Duringthestruggle,herealizedthatinordertowinChina'sindependenceandprosperity,hemustworkhardtooverthrowimperialism.Inhislateryears,hewagedaresolutestruggleagainstimperialism.

SunYat-sen'sdeath(14photos)

InOctober1924(thethirteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina),ZhangZuolinandFengYuxiang,awarlordintheFengFamily,andFengYuxiang,adirectgeneral,jointlyoverthrewCaoKunaspresidentThedirectwarlordregime.FengYuxiang,DuanQirui,andZhangZuolinsuccessivelyinvitedSunYat-sentogonorthtodiscussthecountry.SunYat-senacceptedtheinvitationandproposedabolishingtheunequaltreatiesandconveningaNationalAssemblyasasolutiontothecurrentsituation.InNovember,IleftGuangzhouandheadednorth,firstarrivedinShanghai,andthendetouredtoJapantoTianjin.AttheendofDecember,thepatientarrivedinBeijing.

March12,1925(14thyearoftheRepublicofChina),diedofcancerinBeijing.Thewillssignedontheeveofhisdeathincludedthreedocuments:"StateWills","FamilyWills"and"LettertoSovietRussia".Inthestatetestament,hesummedup40yearsofrevolutionaryexperienceandconcludedthat:"Thepeoplemustbearoused,andthepeopleintheworldwhowaitformypeacemustbeunitedtofighttogether."Heissued"Therevolutionhasnotsucceeded,comradesStillneedtoworkhard"call.

Thetestamentpointsoutthatitisnecessaryto"continuetoworkhardforimplementationinaccordancewithhis"GeneralPlanfortheFoundingoftheCountry","OutlineoftheFoundingoftheCountry,""ThreePrinciplesofthePeople"and"DeclarationoftheFirstNationalCongress".Inthefamilywill,itisstatedthatthebooks,clothing,andhousesleftbehindwillbelefttoSoongChingLingasasouvenir,andthechildrenarerequiredtoinherithisrevolutionarylegacy.InhissuicidenotetotheSovietUnion,hestatedthatheimplementedthreerevolutionarypoliciesandinsistedonhisfirmbeliefinthecauseofanti-imperialistpatriotism,sayingthat"hopethatdawnwillsoonbereached.TheSovietUnionwelcomesaprosperousandindependentChinawithgoodfriendsandallies,andthetwocountriesarefightingfortheworld.Inthebattleforfreedomoftheoppressednations,gohandinhandtoachievevictory."In1929,thebodywasmovedfromBeijingtotheSunYat-senMausoleumatthesouthernfootofNanjingPurpleMountain.

(OverviewpicturesandsomephotosofSunYat-sen’sbiographyarefrom)

PoliticalMeasures

SunYat-senformulatedtheThreePrinciplesofthePeopleastheguidingideology,aimingtoestablisharepublicowned,governedbythepeople,andenjoyedbythepeople,andaharmonioussocietyoffreedom,equalityandfraternity."GreatHarmony"isourresponsibilitytorealizethesharingofcivilizationsbetweenChinaandtheworld,tomakeprogresstogether,tobuildaworldofharmonywherethewholeworldisthepublic,andtocreateaharmonious,healthyandhappyhumansociety.

Politics

  • ThreePrinciplesofthePeople

SunYat-seninsistedonthe"ThreePeople"Ism",adheretothebeliefsandidealsofnation,democracytosaveChinaandtheThreePeople'sPrinciplestosaveChina.

The"ThreePeople'sPrinciples"conceptwith"nation","civilrights"and"people'slivelihood"asthecoreintheRevolutionof1911.

Advocatethe"differentiationofpowersandfunctions"-"thepeoplehavetheright,thegovernmenthastheability";theimplementationofthe"universalgovernment"-"GuangxingWelfare,GreatProsperity".

Annotation"therightsofthepeople"-theregimeshouldhavefouritems:"election,recall,creation,andreferendum".

Notethattheseparationofthefivepowersof"thepowerofthegovernment"-"legislation,administration,judiciary,examination,andsupervision"isthe"five-powerconstitution."

Clarifythebasictrainingandconditionsforthepeopletoexercisepower:civilrightsarepreliminary,thatis,therulesofprocedure.

Proposeda"equalpowersystem"betweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,and"localautonomy"withcountiesastheunit.

  • Nation-buildingstrategy

Intermsofpoliticalmodernization,itadvocatesgradualisminmilitaryadministrationandtraining.Thethreephasesofpoliticalandconstitutionalgovernmentsay:"Theeradicationofwarlordsandbanditsshouldbeprioritizedduringthemilitaryandpoliticalperiod,andmilitarycontrolshouldbeimplemented.Duringthepoliticaltrainingperiod,infrastructureconstructionandinitialcivilrightstrainingshouldbeprioritized,andone-partygovernanceshouldbeimplemented.Theconditionofthechief,ifcitizenshavetheconditionstoinitiateareferendum,thentheNationalAssemblyshallbeelectedtoformulateaconstitution,returnpowertothepeople,andimplementamodernpoliticalsystemofmulti-partycompetition."

Promoteakingly-basedarea.Cooperationandpoliticalstructure:GreaterAsianism,andanindustrialplanopentointernationalinvestment.

  • UnionRussiaandtheCommunistParty

SunYat-senused"thetrendoftheworld,themighty"Zeprosper,ifyougoagainsttheopposite,youperish"ishismotto,emphasizingtheneedto"internallyreviewChina'ssituation,externallyreviewtheworld'strends,andgainthestrengthsofothers,andbenefitfromnewinnovations."SunYat-senpaysattentiontolearningtheworld'sadvancedknowledgeandusefulideologicalachievements,andhopestouseChina'sactualconditionstotransformChina.SunYat-senpaidcloseattentiontothespreadoftheRussianOctoberRevolutionandMarxismworldwide,keenlyrecognizedtheimportantinfluenceoftheMayFourthMovementandthefoundingoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonChina’sreforms,andresolutelyimplementedthethreemajorpoliciesofunitingRussia,unitingtheCommunistParty,andhelpingfarmersandworkers.TheThreePeople'sPrincipleshavenewconnotations.ThethreemajorpoliciesareSunYat-sen'simportantpoliticalpropositions,andarethecorrectpathforthenationaldemocraticrevolutionheadvocatedtoshiftfromrepeatedsetbackstosuccess,andthentoachievesignificantachievements.

Culture

SunYat-senisagreatmanwhoknowstheworldcultureverywellaswellastheChineseculture.The"Theworldisthepublic"thatSunYat-senpursuedthroughouthislifewasderivedfromtheclassicConfucianliterature"BookofRites·RitualFortune".SunYat-sensaidinhis"ThreePrinciplesofthePeople":"ThetrueThreePrinciplesofthePeopleistheworldofgreatharmonythatConfuciushopesfor."SunYat-senmustnotonlydevelopmaterialcivilization,butalsopromotespiritualcivilization;hemustnotonlyinherittheconnotationsoftheoldmoralsthatarestillusefultoday,butalsocreatenewmorals.Heattachesgreatimportancetoeducationandadvocatesthecultivationofnew-styletalentswithknowledgeandnoblepersonality.SunYat-sen'sculturalviewofputtingpeoplefirst,attachingimportancetoscience,anddevelopinganewcivilizationhasgreatpracticalsignificanceandacademicvaluetotherejuvenationoftheChinesenation.

SunYat-senbelievesthatthecultureisstrong,thenationisstrong,andthecountryisstrong.Onlywhentheeconomyisdevelopedcanthepeople'sdailylifeproblemssuchasfood,clothing,housingandtransportationbesolved.Onlywhenthepeoplearerichcanculturebedeveloped,andonlywhenscienceandculturearedevelopedcanacountrybeprosperousandstrong.SunYat-senalsoemphasizedthat"developmentofwealthisnotonlyforthesakeofwealth,butmoreimportantlyforthesatisfactionandhappinessofourpeople."Therefore,SunYat-senrepeatedlypointedoutthateffortsshouldbemadetodevelopeducationandimprovethespiritualcivilizationofthepeople.

Spiritualcivilization,SunYat-senisalsocalled"civilization",hesaidthatmaterialcivilizationwillmakehumanlife"easyandprosperous",butitcannotpromotehumancivilization,onlyusewordsforenlightenmenteducation.Onlythencanit"helpthedevelopmentofhumancivilization".Hebelievesthatthereisonlymaterialcivilization,politicsisnotadvanced,andcultureisnotadvanced,andwecannot"consolidatethefamilyandgovernthecountry."Therefore,headvocatedanewmorality,"Humanswhohaveevolvedthroughcivilization,awakenedanddevelopedanewmorality.Thisnewmoralityisthatpeoplewithintelligenceandabilityshouldserveeveryone.ThisnewmoralityofservingeveryoneisThenewtrendofmoralityintheworld".

SunYat-sen’snewmoralviewtrulyreflectsSunYat-sen’sviewoftheprogressofhumancivilization.SunYat-senbelievesthatnewmoralsarenewspirits.Hesaid:"Tosavethecountryandthepeoplerequiresrevolution.Revolutionrequiresspirit."Therefore,SunYat-senemphasizedthattocreateanewChinaandtransformthenewworld,"nobleideasandstrongperseverancemustbethefirst."ThenewmoralityadvocatedbySunYat-senistomakepeopledeterminedtoworkhardfortheimprovementofthecountryandtherealizationofthecountry'sprosperity.SunYat-senbelievesthatthevalueoflifeliesindedication,notinfightingforstatus.SunYat-sentransformedtheoldmoralityfromthepursuitofpersonalself-interestintothededicationandloveformankind,thenationandthecountry.Heemphasizedthatthevalueofaperson'slifeliesinhisthinking,hisindependentwilltopursuethetruthfearlessly,andhisresponsibilitytocontributetomankindandthecountry.Therefore,hisnewmoralityisaprofoundrevolutiontotheoldChinesemorality.Itchangesthefundamentaloutlookonlifeandvalues​​of"whatisaperson'slifeforandforwhom".Strivinggoalsandsuccess,Chengrenpointedoutthedirection.

SunYat-senemphasizedthatonlyculturecanmakeacountrytrulypowerful.HisculturaloutlookisnotonlyabridgeformutualtrustandexchangebetweenChineseandforeigncultures,butalsoaguidefortheChinesenationtoestablishacorrectoutlookonlifeandvalues.HepointedoutthattheChinesenationmusthaveasenseofcrisisandthespiritofstrivingtostrengthenthecountryandenrichthepeople.SunYat-senusedhisactionsandwordstopromoteandpromotetheintegration,interdependence,unityanddevelopmentofallethnicgroupsinChina,tobuildcommonidealsandbeliefs,toworkhard,toliveinharmony,andtouseculturetoextendtheChinesefeelingsofallethnicgroupsandrealizeConfucius’"Ontheroadtrip,theworldisforthepublic,andtheworldisinharmony.

Economy

From1917to1919,SunYat-senwrotethebook"StrategiesfortheFoundingoftheCountry",conceivingagrandblueprintforChina’sconstruction,showinghisoutstandinginsightsandstronginsightsintoChina’sdevelopmentLookingforwardto.Amongthem,the"IndustrialPlan"includessixmajorplans.Thefirstplanistodevelopresourcesinthenorth,withthenorthernportasthecenter,andbuildthenorthwestrailwaysystem;thesecondplan:todeveloptheresourcesinthecentralregion,withtheeasternportasthecenter,torenovatetheYangtzeRiver;Thethirdplan:thedevelopmentofsouthernresources,withthesouthernportasthecenter,buildingasouthwestrailwaysystem;thefourthplan:arailwayconstructionplantobuildfivemajorrailwaysystems:thecentral,southeast,northeast,expandednorthwest,andplateau;thefifthplan:thematerialelementsoflifeIndustry;SixthPlan:Mining.

Themaingoalofthe"IndustrialPlan"istobuildaworld-classthreelargeports(northern,easternandsouthern)andmanycommercialportswithin10to20years.ThemajorportcanbeselectedinGuangzhou,themajoreasternportcanbeselectedfromHangzhouBayorthetransformationofShanghai’sHuangpuRiverPort.ThemajornorthernportislocatednearthemouthoftheLuanheRivertotheeastofTanggu,Tianjin.Fivemajorrailwaysystemswithalengthof160,000kilometerswillbebuilttoconnectthecoastal,hinterlandandborderareas.Linkup;build1.6millionkilometersofhighways,formanationwidehighwaynetwork,andentertheQinghai-TibetPlateautopromotecommercialprosperity;excavateandrenovatenationalwaterwaysandcanals,buildtheThreeGorgesDam,developinlandrivertransportation,waterconservancy,andelectricpower,etc.10bigprojects.

Because"thereisnowaytoestablishmachineswithoutmining,andifthereisnomachine,thenmodernindustry...thereisnodeveloped",comprehensiveminingofcoal,iron,petroleum,non-ferrousmetalsandothermineraldeposits,productionofsteel,petroleum,machinerymanufacturingAllkindsof"foodforindustry"suchas,cement,etc.havebecometheworld'surgentneed.SunYat-senpaysparticularattentiontothesteelindustry.Hepointedoutthat“Today’ssteelworldrequiresmanufacturingtobebuiltontheearth.”HeopenedfactoriesinHainan,Sichuan,Yunnanandotherprovinceswithabundantsteelreserves.ThesteelindustryinHebei,Shanxi,Hubei,Liaoningandotherplacesincreasedinvestment.Regardingagriculture,the"IndustrialPlan"shallwidelyadoptvariousmodernagriculturaltechnologies,realizeagriculturalmechanization,resettleandreclaimwasteland,andbuildborderareas.Onthisbasis,developlightindustrysothattheprocessingandmanufacturingindustriesofgrain,cotton,oil,textile,dailynecessities,printing,silk,tea,etc.canbesoldandexportedonthebasisofself-sufficiency.

SunYat-senproposedthattheuseofforeigncapitaltodevelopChineseindustryshouldchangeclosed-doordoctrineandbecomeopen-minded.HebelievesthatChinahasavastterritory,alargepopulation,richmineralresources,andstrongagriculture,butitcannotdevelopindependently,butmustcomplementeachotheranddeveloptogetherwithothercountriesintheworld.Foreigninvestmentmustbehandledbyus,andcannotbetaughttoforeigners.ItisopposedtoforeigninvestmentinimposingadditionalconditionsthatdamageChina'snationalrightsandinterests.ForeignownersandChineseenterprisesjoinforcestojointlydevelopChineseindustry.ForeignersprovidemachinesandbearalltheexpendituresofforeignexpertsinChina;Chineseproviderawmaterialsandcheaplabor,andbothpartieswin-winonthebasisofequalityandreciprocity.SunYat-senknewthatChinawasinneedofmachinestocultivatevastagriculturalland,mineabundantminerals,buildcountlessfactoriesandexpandtransportationnetworks.

Atthesametime,the"IndustryPlan"alsoinvolveshousingandotherlivelihoodissues.SunYat-senbelievesthattosolvethehousingneedsof400millionpeopleinChinaatthattime,50millionnewhouseswillbeaddedeveryyearinthenext50years,and100houseswillbebuilteveryyear.Wanjian,"preparingcheaphousingforthepeople",householdwater,lights,gas,andtelephoneallneedtobeequipped.“Amongthe40,000peopleinChina,thepoorstillliveinthatchedhuts,andtherearepeoplelivingincavesinthenorth.Thelivingroomsoftheupper-classsocietyinChinaaresimilartotemples.”SunYat-senwasveryworriedaboutthepolarizationoftherichandthepoorinhousing,so“forThehousingindustryplanmustseekallthehousesinChina","allhousedesignsmustensurethattheresidentshavetheirowncomfort."InSunYat-sen'sopinion,housingisoneofthesymbolsofcivilization,andpeoplegetmorehappinessfromhousingthaneatinganddressing.

RuleofLaw

SunYat-seninheritedanddevelopedtheideasofpeople-orientedandgreatharmonyinancientChinesesociety,andatthesametimeabsorbedthenaturalhumanrightsdoctrinesofFrenchEnlightenmentthinkers,andabsorbedLincoln’sruleofthepeople,people’sownership,Thethoughtofsharingthepeoplehasformedhisuniqueviewofdemocraticpolitics.Themaincontentofhisdemocraticpoliticalthoughtsare:democraticrepublicanthoughts;thoughtsofpeople'sautonomy;thoughtsofdirectcivilrights(politicsforthewholepeople);thoughtsoftheseparationofthefivepowersofdemocraticconstitutionalism.

In1924,SunYat-sensaid:"Ifthereistoomuchfreedominpolitics,itwillbecomeanarchy;iftoomuchrestraint,itwillbecometyranny."Thefive-powerconstitutionmustplaytworoles.Oneistoreconcilethepoweroffreedomandthepowertomaintainorder;theotheristobreaktheclassdivisionbetweengoverningandgoverningpeople,andimplementthereal"rulebythepeople."Headvocatedbalancingthetwoforcesoffreedomanddespotismandnotgoingtoextremes.Civilrightsarethepoliticalpowerofthepeople,thatis,thepeopleorganizetomanagethepoliticalaffairsofthecountry.Similarly,realizingtheroleandstatusofthepeopleasthemastersofthecountryisalsothecorecontentoftheconstructionofasocialistcountryundertheruleoflaw.

AsChina’sfirstdemocraticconstitutionaldocument,the"ProvisionalConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina"affirmedtheprincipleof"sovereigntyinthepeople"intheformofthefundamentallawofthecountry.The"InterimStatute"stipulates:"TheRepublicofChinaisorganizedbythePeopleofChina"and"ThesovereigntyoftheRepublicofChinabelongstoallcitizens."ThisisamajorinnovationinthehistoryofChina'snationalsystem,anditisalsoaconcentratedexpressionofSunYat-sen'sthoughtofcombiningtheruleoflawanddemocracy.SunYat-senbelievesthattochangethiscountryruledbyman,theruleoflawmustbeimplemented,andcivilrightsarethebasicconditionoftheruleoflaw.Theso-calledcivilrightsmeans"usingthepeopletobetheemperor,and40,000tobetheemperor".Inthe"InterimConstitution",itisclearlystatedthat"thepeopleoftheRepublicofChinaareequal,withoutdistinctionsofrace,class,orreligion."Everyonecanexpresstheirdifferentopinionsandexpresstheirwillthroughdifferentformssuchasassemblies,associations,speeches,andpublications.

In1906,whenSunYat-senmentionedtheThreePrinciplesofthePeopleattheanniversaryofthefoundingof"MinBao",hepointedoutthat:Democracyisthefoundationofthepoliticalrevolution.Civilrightsmeansthateveryoneisequal,andtheminoritymustnotbeusedtooverpowerthemajority.Everyonehasnaturalhumanrights,andthemonarchmustnotbetheslaveofhissubjects.Hedemandedthatthepeoplehavethecompletefreedomofassembly,association,speech,publication,andbelief.Itistruethat"peopleofthecountrybelongtothescopeofthelaw,andthereisnospecialforcetoworryabout."SunYat-senfirmlyopposestheuseofcivilrightsastheequivalentoffreedom.SunYat-sen'sviewisthatbeingabletomoveandcommunicatefreelyinagroupisfreedom.Hesaid:Aperson'sfreedomistruefreedomifitdoesnotinfringethefreedomofothers.Ifitviolatesthefreedomofothers,itisnottruefreedom.

Science

SunYat-senhasformedhisownuniqueunderstandingofscienceandtechnology.SunYat-senonceclearlystated:ascientifichusband,asystematicstudy,andasystematicstudy.Alltrueknowledgeandspecialknowledgemustcomefromscience.Theso-calledknowledgeisnottrueknowledge.SunYat-sencalledscience"asystematicstudyandasystematicstudy",thatis,hedefinedscienceasasystematicknowledgesystem,emphasizingthesystematicnessandorderlinessofscience."Alltrueknowledgeandspecialknowledgemustcomefromscience"meansthatscienceistruthfulandpractical."Theso-calledknowledgeisnottrueknowledgeifyouleavescienceoutsideofit."Itshowsthatscientificknowledgeisdifferentfromtheaccumulationofgenerallifeknowledgeandexperience,butbasedontherichexperiencegainedinpractice,usingscientificthinkingmethodstosortoutandsummarize.Theregularandsystematicknowledge.

Discussionandresearchonscientificclassification.SunYat-sen'sscientificoutlookisalsoreflectedinhisresearchonscientificclassification.Scientificclassificationisasciencethatstudiestherelationshipbetweenvariousdisciplines.Themoredisciplinesthereare,thelessspecializedresearchispossible.Thisnotonlyrestrictstheresearchofonediscipline,butevenaffectsthedevelopmentoftheentirescientificundertaking.Inmanyofhisworks,SunYat-senactuallydividesscienceintoacertaindegree.Forexample,"BookonLiHongzhang"involveslinguistics,politicalscience,humanities,arithmetic,geography,physics,chemistry,agriculture,etc.Mineralogy,geology,etc.;"TotheGovernorofHongKongontheRegulationsforPeacefulGovernance"talksaboutliteratureandlaw;"SectsandMethodsofSocialism"discusseseconomicsandstatistics;"SunWenxueShuo"discussesphysiologyandmedicineindetail,Hygiene,Finance,Philology,Logic,etc.;The"RegulationsforthePublicationofExaminationOrganizations"havedetailedregulationsongeology,meteorology,andforestryinagriculturalsciences.

SunYat-senonceclearlydividedscienceintotwocategories,namelynaturalscienceandhumanscience.Hesaid:Therearetwotypesofworldstudies,oneisnaturalscience,andtheotherishumanscience.Naturalsciences,suchasastronomicalcalculations,geography,geology,physics(acousto-opticalthermoelectricity,etc.),biology(animals,plants),andchemistry.Personnelscience,suchassociology,psychology,ethics,politicalscience,law,economics,andhistory.InSunYat-sen'sclassification,thesescientificdisciplineswererelativelymatureandexistedobjectively.

Education

SunYat-sen’s"educationtosavethecountry"thoughtputeducationinthepositionof"foundingthecountry"and"revitalizingthecountry",emphasizingthateducationisrelatedtothecultivationoftalentsandtheprosperityofthecountryMajorissues.Inviewofthis,SunYat-senemphasizedtheimportanceofeducationandcultivatingtalentsin"ALettertoZhengZaoRushu"inordertomakethecountryfromweaktostrong.Thespreadofknowledgedependsoneducation.Lookingatthepastandpresent,educationandpersonneltrainingarecloselyrelatedtotheprosperityofthecountry.Neglectingeducationwillresultinaserioussituationofnationalweakness,whichmakesSunYat-sendeeplysad,soheeagerlyproposedtoopenschoolsandcultivatetalents,becausethisistheonlywayforthecountrytobecomeprosperousandstrong.

SunYat-senreferredto"peopletodotheirbest"inthe"BookofLiHongzhang"asoneofthe"fourthings"of"thegreateconomyofprosperityandthefoundationofgoverningthecountry",andheshoulddoit"Peoplewhocanmakethebestuseoftheirtalentsareinthewayofeducation."Thatis,thecultivationoftalentsdependsoneducation.SunYat-sen'sthesisthat"nolearningcanbedonebyothers","nolearningcanbeused",andtalentsneed"schoolstonurturethem".Herecognizedtheimportanceofeducationinpersonneltraining,socialprogress,andnationalconstruction.Statusandrole.SunYat-senalsotalkedabouttheimportanceofdevelopingeducationandcultivatingtalentsfortheprosperityofthecountry:"Ifpeoplemakethebestuseoftheirtalents,theywilldoeverything;ifeverythingisdone,thereisnowaytogetrichandstrong.

SunYat-sen’sscienceTheembodimentofeducationalthoughtinsciencecultureandtalenttraining.SunYat-senputforwardtheviewthatthefeudaleducationsystemisanobstacletothedisseminationofscientificandculturalknowledge.Hepointedoutthatthecontentrepresentedbythe"FourBooks"and"FiveClassics"was"givenandacceptedbyChinesesagesandphilosophers."Accordingtolegend,"theknowledgeofancients"isfarbetterthanthatof"scientificknowledge"today.Scientificknowledgeshouldbeincludedasthecontentofeducation.SunYat-senbelievesthatthedevelopmentofWesternmaterialcivilizationismostlyderivedfromtheprosperityofscience,andthatChina’smaterialcivilizationshouldbedeveloped.Itisnecessarytolearnscientificknowledge.

InAugust1924,SunYat-senorderedthepublicationofthe"UniversityRegulations"inthenameoftheGrandMarshaloftheArmyandNavyoftheRepublicofChina.Thefirstarticleoftheregulationsstipulates:ThePurposeoftheUniversityThefirstisto"instilltheworld'snewacademicprinciplesandtechniques."SunYat-senbelievesthatinuniversityeducation,whateducationshouldimpartshouldbethelatestscientificandculturalknowledgeinordertoaccelerateChina’sdevelopment.Themaintaskofprimaryeducationandsecondaryeducationistoimpartbasicscientificandculturalknowledge.Havingagoodgraspofthebasicknowledgeofscienceandculture,itispossibletofurtherstudyandmasterthe"latestinventions"ofscientificandculturalknowledge.Atthesametime,aseducatorsinuniversities,itisnecessarytoachievetheteachingof"theworld’snewscienceandtechnology"."Forthispurpose,wemustpaycloseattentiontothenewtrendsinthedevelopmentofworldscience,cultureandknowledgeeducation,andwemustconstantlyupdateourownknowledgesystem.SunYat-sen'sscienceeducationthoughthasimportantpracticalguidingsignificancefortoday'suniversityeducation.

SunYat-senproposedthatschoolsshouldpayattentiontothecultivationofhumanproductionskills:thepurposeofschoolistopayattentiontotheomnipotenceofhandsandstriveforpracticalityinadditiontoreading,literacy,learning,andintellectualknowledge.InSunYat-sen'sview,schooleducationshouldnotonlyimpartscientificandculturalknowledge,butalsoCultivatetheintelligenceoftheeducated,andalsocarryoutproductionandlaboreducation,sothattheeducatedcanmastercertainproductionandlaborskills.SunYat-senhasrepeatedlyemphasizedthatschooleducationshouldenablestudentsto"independentlybecomeanationaftertheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.",Tobeableto"self-reliance."Thatistosay,onlystudentswhohavebothscientificandculturalknowledgeandskillscantruly"independentlybeanation."

Fraternity

SunYat-senbelievesthattheenjoymentofuniversallove(Thatis,thehappinessoftheloveofthesamekindisanaturalhumanright.Hehasrepeatedlyemphasizedthatallhumanbeingsareequal,andthepeoplehavetherighttoenjoyhappiness.Thisisakindofhumandesireandcannotbestopped.In1912,hepromulgateditinthenameofPresidentHewrotemorethan30lawsanddecreesconcerningtheprotectionofpeople’srightsandtheeradicationofsocialvices,whichembodieshisthoughts.SunYat-sensaid:“Humanrightsaresacred.,Allhavetherighttobelovedandpityedbyothersashumanbeings.

SunYat-senbelievesthat“fraternity”isalsoagoodmoralconcept.Peoplenotonlyhavetherighttobelovedbythesamekind,butalsoregarditasItisanobligationoflife.Itadvocatestheprotectionofequalrightsanddignityofhumanbeings,andtheresponsibilityofsavingmankindfromfireandwater.SunYat-sensaid:Theessenceof"fraternity"liesfirstindedicationandin"seekinghappiness"forothers,andsocietyTheidealformofphilanthropyliesin"allformeandIforall",humanbeingshelpeachother,andtheworldcomplicateshappiness,so"fraternity"transcendsfamilyaffectionandpopularizestheworld.Thiswillnotonlymakefraternityagoalofstruggle,aloftyideal,Andmadefraternityameans,apracticalspirit,anditplayedaninestimableroleinSunYat-sen’srevolutionarycareerandtherevolutionarycauseoftheChinesepeople.

"Love"isakindofveryThebroadconcepthasmanyconnotations.Itcanrefertoparent-childlove,friendshiplove,orhumanlove.SunYat-sendividesloveinto"privatelove"and"publiclove",andbelievesthatawomantreatsherchildren.Parent-childloveisonlyakindofprivatelove,andonlyfraternityisakindofpubliclove,“notcomparabletowomen’sbenevolence.”Hisdistinctionbetweenlovedoesnotendhere.Accordingtothetimehelivedin,hedividedthe“benevolence”of“fraternityisbenevolence”intothreetypes:“benevolenceforsalvation”,“benevolenceforsalvation”and“benefitforsalvationofthenation”.Thebenevolenceofaphilanthropist,"savingthecountryisthebenevolenceofarevolutionist".Judgingfromtheactualneedsandactualresults,savingthecountrywasthefirstatthattime.Inpractice,SunYat-senunderstoodthatthesufferingoftheChinesepeoplewhodonotevenhavetherighttosurviveisnotsomethingthatcanberelievedbyreligionandcanbecuredbymedicaltechniques.Onlybycarryingoutrevolutioncantheproblembesolvedfundamentally.Therefore,heresolutelygaveuptheidealofbeingamissionaryorafamousdoctor,andwaswillingtobearevolutionarywanderingaround.Fromsavingtheworld,savingpeopletosavingthecountry,itisthesublimationofhisthoughtsandtheprogressofhisactions,whichfullyembodiesthisdemocraticrevolutionist'sloveforthemotherlandandthepeople.

SunYat-senexplained:"Inancientmycountry,ifthesentimentsofYaoandShunhelpedthepeople,KongqiuShangren,MoDiandlove,andthosewhoresemblelove,theyareallfraternityinthenarrowsense,andtheirlovecannotbeuniversal.Thefraternityofsocialism,thefraternityinabroadsense.Socialismseekshappinessformankindandisuniversallypopularized.Itcoversallfivecontinents,andithasflourishedforthousandsofyears,anditwillnotbeblessedbyit."Spirittoo.Thisspiritoffraternityisembodiedinthatsocialismeliminatestherichandthepoor,andthroughsocialdevelopment,makeseveryonehappy.Therefore,hebelievesthat"asocialistcountryisarealstateoffreedom,equality,andfraternity."andalso".InhisinterpretationoftheThreePrinciplesofthePeople,hesaidthatpeople'slivelihoodissocialism,andadvocatedtosolvethepeople'ssufferingthrougheconomicmeans,sohehasastrongdesiretorealizetheidealsofpeople'slivelihood.

Military

SunYat-senisthepioneerofChina'sdemocraticrevolutionandthepioneerofexploringthepathofChina'smilitarymodernization.UnderthechallengeofWesternpowersandfacingconflictsbetween"new","old","China"and"West",SunYat-senchosethepathofChina'smilitarymodernization.HeinheritedancientChinesemilitarythoughts,andseriouslystudiedWesternartofwar,especiallystudyingmodernmilitarythoughtsandSovietmilitarybuildingexperience.InthestrugglepracticeofexploringthepathofChina'smilitarymodernization,theChinesemodernmilitarythoughtwassystematicallyputforward.Manyoftheseincisiveexpositionshaveepoch-makinghistoricalsignificanceinChina'smilitaryhistory.Breakingthroughtheshacklesoftheideaof​​"ChineselearningandWesternlearning"openedupanewchapterinmodernChinesemilitarythought.

Duringhisyouth,SunYat-senhadastrongdesiretotransformtheoldanddecliningoldChinaintoacountryliketheWest,andlongedforChinatobuildapowerfularmy.In1894,heexpressedthiskindofexpectationinthe"BookonLiHongzhang".HeadvocatedtakingtheWestasamodeltoachievethegoalofprosperingthecountryandstrengtheningthearmy.In1894,SunYat-senfoundedtheXingzhongClubinHonolulu.Soon,heputforwardthepoliticalplatformoftheThreePeople'sPrinciples,expoundinghisownconceptofwar.BeforetheOctoberRevolution,SunYat-senstudiedalargenumberofWesternmilitarytheoriesandwarcases.AftertheRevolutionof1911,SunYat-senactivelylearnedfromthesuccessfulexperienceoftheSovietRedArmy.ManyofthemilitaryideasproposedbySunYat-seninhislateryearsandthevariousmilitaryreformsadoptedwereallinordertobuildaregulararmythatcouldmeettheneedsofmodernwarfareandbeabletodefendanddevelopthefruitsofthevictoryoftheRevolutionof1911.

AccordingtohisownexperienceoftheSovietrevolution,SunYat-senisdeterminedtoestablishtheWhampoaMilitaryAcademy,establishatripleleadershipsystemofpartyrepresentatives,politicalministries,andpartyministriesinthearmy,andestablisharevolutionarypoliticalworksystemtoensurethattheKMTTheleadershipofthearmygraduallyformedthemorecompletearmybuildingthoughtofMr.SunYat-senduringthatperiod.Inordertomeettheneedsofmodernwarfare,SunYat-senproposedtheideaof​​comprehensivelybuildingland,navy,andairforce.Hepaidspecialattentiontotheconstructionofmodernnavy.Hebelievesthat"duetothechangesintheworld,theriseandfallofnationalpowerisoftenatseabutnotonland.Thosewithsuperiormaritimepoweroftenhavenationalpower."Heclearlystatedthat"buildingtheshipadministrationtoexpandthenavy,sothattheRepublicofChina'snavyandthegreatpowerswillgohandinhand.,Thegoalofnavalconstructionintheworldknownasafirst-classpower.SunYat-senalsobelievesthatwiththedevelopmentandprogressofmodernworldweaponsandequipment,theissueofnationalairspacerightshasbecomeincreasinglyprominent.InordertoprotectChina'sairspacefrominfringement,anairforcemustbebuilt.Itwaspointedoutthat"flyingplanesarethegreatestweaponusedbythemilitaryinmoderntimes"andshouldbeusedtoequiptheChinesearmytobuildamodernizedairforce.Later,heissuedacallfor"AviationtoSavetheNation",askingChinesepeopletoworkhardtodevelopChina'saviationindustry.

Inordertoachievethegoalofbuildingland,navyandairforce,SunYat-senproposedmanymeasurestodevelopourcountry’snavyandairforce.Purchaseavarietyofnewnaval,land,andairweaponsfromWesterncountries,suchassubmarines,aircraft,tanks,etc.,hireforeignmilitaryexpertstocometomycountrytocoachourcountry’snavy,landandairforcestudents,sendyoungmilitaryacademiestoEuropeandtheUnitedStatestolearnadvancedmilitarytechnology,andorganizevisitstocountriesaroundtheworldTheArmamentConstructionCorpsdrawsontheexperienceofforeignmilitaryconstruction;buildsmilitaryports,airports,andfortressesinaccordancewithmodernandadvancedstandards.Theestablishmentofmilitaryacademies,forminganewcradlefortrainingmodernmilitarycadres,hasbroughtaqualitativeleapinChina'smilitaryeducationsystem,andisSunYat-sen'smajorcontributiontoChina'smodernmilitaryhistory.TheWhampoaMilitaryAcademyhastrainedalargenumberofmilitarytalentswhoadapttothenationalconditionsofasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalsociety,possessmodernwarideasandthespiritofthenationalrevolution.

Diplomacy

SunYat-senestablishedmilitarydiplomaticstrategybasedontheanalysisoftheinternationalstrategicpattern.SunYat-sen’smilitarydiplomacypracticeisextremelydifficult.Knowingthatitisnoteasy,thisispreciselyItisthegreatnessofSunYat-sen.AllcountriesusetheirownnationalintereststoweightheirdiplomaticrelationswithSunYat-senandtherevolutionledbySunYat-sen.SunYat-sensaid:"Tobuildtoday'sworld,onlypowerandpowerdonotemphasizemorality,benevolenceandjustice."SunYat-senadvocatedworldpeacethroughouthislifeandopposedaggressivewarsandhegemonism.In1912,inthe"ChineseKuomintangPartyProgram",SunYat-senincluded"maintenanceofinternationalpeace".NotonlyemphasizesthatChinawillcontributetothemaintenanceofworldpeaceasapeacefulforce,butalsohopestouniteallpeace-lovingforcesonthebasisofmaintainingregionalpeacebyestablishingfriendlyrelationswithothercountriesorestablishinganAsianalliancetojointlymaintainworldpeace..

Asforhowtoproperlyuseforceanddiplomacy,SunYat-senadvocatedthecombinationofwarfareanddiplomacy.Hebelievesthattheideaof​​tryingtoachievethegoalofsurvivalanddevelopmentofacountrybylaunchingwarisveryharmful.Contradictionsbetweencountriesshouldfirstberesolvedthroughdiplomacy;ifdiplomaticmeansareexhausted,thewarcanbereached;thewarisover.,Re-enterthediplomaticprocess.RegardingtherealthreatsfacingChina,SunYat-senbelievesthatpeacefulmeanscanbeused,thatis,peacefulmeansmustbeused.Therefore,SunYat-senattachesgreatimportancetothestudyofadvancedEuropeanscienceandtechnologyinordertorevitalizeindustry,improveweapons,andbuildapowerfulmilitaryforce.However,theexternaluseofthisforceisofanactivedefensivenature.

SunYat-senhasalwaysattachedimportancetotheimportantroleofpublicopinionintherevolution.Theimportanceheattachestopublicopinioninmilitarydiplomacycanbereflectedinhispreviousattemptsatmilitarydiplomacywithforeignpowers.Ontheonehand,becauseofhismanyyearsofoverseascareer,SunYat-senhasagoodunderstandingoftheroleofpublicopinioninthesystemofWesterncountries,soheattachesgreatimportancetotheuseofforeignmediainmilitarydiplomacy.WhetheritwaswhentheTongmenghuiwasestablishedorwhentheKuomintangwasestablished,SunYat-senalwayspassedtherevolutionaryideasandtheideaof​​nation-buildingtotheWesternpeopleassoonaspossibleinatimelymanner,inordertoobtainpoliticalandpublicsupportfromgovernmentsofvariouscountriesandpublicopinion.Ontheotherhand,healsousedthedomesticmediatorefutevariousmisconductsoftheWesternpowersinvolvedindomesticissuesinatimelymanner,soastoarousetheawakeningofthedomesticpeopleandsupportfortheThreePeople'sPrinciples,therebycreatingpublicopinionagainsttheWesternpowersandthegovernmentsthatareincollusionwiththem.pressure.

Nationality

AfterthefailureoftheReformMovementof1898,SunYat-sendeeplyfeltthatreformismwasnotfeasibleinChina,soheadvocatedtheuseofviolencetooverthrowtheQinggovernmentinordertoachievethesuccessofthepoliticalrevolution.Forthisreason,SunYat-senbeforetheRevolutionof1911tookthefull-scalerevolutionashisownresponsibility,advocatedtoachievethegoalofthenationalrevolutionthroughpoliticalfull-scale,establisharepublicwiththeHannationalityasthemainbody,andachievethegoalofprotectingthecountryandprotectingtheseeds.InSunYat-sen'sview,"revitalizingChina"and"maintainingthestatesystem"aretwoaspectsofthesameproblem:nationalrejuvenationmustbebasedonnationalrejuvenation,andnationalrejuvenationdependsonnationalrevolutionandnationalmovement.SunYat-senopposedtheManchuregime,buthedidnotexcludethecommonpeopleofManchu.HeinheritedthetraditionalChineseconceptofdiminishingbloodtiesandracialcompatibility,advocatingthedistinctionbetweentheManchuroyalnoblesandthecommonpeople,andadvocatingtherevolutionaryconceptofnationalequality,soastoachievethecommonprosperityofthecountryandthenation,ratherthanthemutualexclusionandmutualexclusionofraces.persecution.

AftertheestablishmentoftheRepublicofChina,SunYat-senadvocatedthattheRepublicofChinashouldbeanewmulti-ethniccountrycomposedofthegreatChinesenation.SunYat-senpointedoutinthe"ProvisionalPresidentialDeclaration":"Thefoundationofthenationliesinthepeople.TheHan,Manchu,Mongolian,Hui,andTibetanlandsformonecountry,thatis,theHan,Manchu,Mongolian,Hui,andTibetantribesarecombinedasonecountry.Oneperson.Itistheunityofthenation.Wuhanhasthefirstrighteousness,anddozensofprovinceshavebeenindependentsuccessively.Theso-calledindependenceisseparationfromtheQingcourtandtheunionoftheprovinces.ThisisalsothecaseforMongoliaandTibet."SunYat-senisstillinthe"ProvisionalLawoftheRepublicofChina".Provisions:"TheterritoryoftheRepublicofChinaisthe22provinces,innerandouterMongolia,Tibet,andQinghai","AllpeopleintheRepublicofChinaareequal,withoutdistinctionofrace,class,orreligion."

SunYat-senproposedin1919theideaof​​integratingallethnicgroupsinthecountryintooneChinesenation.ThegoalofthenationalrevolutionchangedfromtheequalityandrepublicofthefiveethnicgroupstotheactivegoalofapowerfulandprosperousChinesenation.Hesaid:"Chinesepeopleonlyhavefamiliesandclangroups,withoutnationalspirit,soeventhough40,000peoplehavecombinedtoformoneChina,itisreallyapieceofsand.Tothisday,itisthepoorestandweakestcountryintheworld.Theloweststatus.Peoplearetheswords,andIamthefish.Ourpositionisthemostdangerousatthistime.Ifwenolongerpayattentiontoadvocatingnationalismandcombine40millionpeopleintoastrongnation,Chinawillbeindangerofsubjugationandextinction.Wemustsave.Thiskindofperil,wemustadvocatenationalismandusethenationalspirittosavethecountry."

Mainworks

Poems

"EmbarrassingLiuDaoyi"

ThreeChuxiongsinthesoutheasthalfofthewall,LiuLangdiedtoTyranny.

Theremaininglegacyisverydifficult,whoisgenerouswithSriLanka?

Stuckonthesadhorseintheautumnwind,thesunsetinChinaisweeping.

WhendidyouswigHuanglongwineandlayagrandceremonyacrosstheriver!

ThisistheonlycompletepoempasseddownbySunYat-sen.ThememorialandmemorialinthepoemisLiuDaoyi,amartyrofthePingliuliUprising.

Literature

Title

Date

Responsibleperson

Sourcesource

td>

TheCompleteWorksofSunYat-sen.VolumeThree·PanChaKunchenReport(1914.12.23)

1911-08-11

ResearchOfficeofHistoryoftheRepublicofChina,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences

Onthemilitaryandspeakingtosoldiers(SunYat-sen'sbookseries)

2009-12-01

HuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

OntheThreePrinciplesofthePeopleandtheFiveRightsConstitution(SunYat-sen'sWorksSeries)

2008-11-01

EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

Onpeople’slivelihoodandsocialism(WorksbySunYat-sen)

2008-11-01

EditedbyHuangYanNote

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

OnthereorganizationoftheKuomintangandtheconveningof"OneLarge"(SunYat-sen'sWorksSeries)

2008-11-01

AnnotationbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

OnthepeopleGovernanceandLocalAutonomy(SunYat-sen'sWorksSeries)

2008-11-01

AnnotationbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

Autobiographyandnarrationofrevolutionaryexperience(SunYat-sen'sbookseries)

2007-11-01

EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

ImportantpapersbeforetheRevolutionof1911(SunYat-sen'sbookseries)

2007-11-01

HuangYan’sNote

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

Revolutionarystrategy(SunYat-sen'sbookseries)

2007-11-01

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EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

ThreePrinciplesofthePeople(SunYat-sen'sWorksSeries)

2007-11-01

HuangYan'sannotation

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

SelectedWorksofSunWen(Volume2)

2006-11-01

EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

SelectedWorksofSunWen(Volume2)

2006-11-01

EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

SelectedWorksofSunWen(Volume1)

2006-11-01

EditedbyHuangYan

GuangdongPeople’sPublishingHouse

TheCompleteWorksofSunYat-sen:VolumeOne(1890-1911)

2006-11-01

HistoryResearchOfficeofGuangdongAcademyofSocialSciences

ZhonghuaBookstore

TheCompleteWorksofSunYat-sen:VolumeTwo(1912)

2006-11-01

ResearchOfficeofHistoryoftheRepublicofChina,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences

ZhonghuaBookstore

TheCompleteWorksofSunYat-sen:VolumeThree(1913-1916)

2006-11-01

ResearchOfficeofHistoryoftheRepublicofChina,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences

ZhonghuaBookstore

ThecompleteworksofSunYat-sen:VolumeFour(1917-1918)

2006-11-01

ResearchOfficeofHistoryoftheRepublicofChina,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences

ZhonghuaBookstore

TheCompleteWorksofSunYat-sen:Volume5(1919.1-1921.11)

2006-11-01

SunYat-senResearchOffice,DepartmentofHistory,SunYat-senUniversity

ChinaBookstore

Familyhistory

Ancestralhome

Familyhistory(10photos)

SunYat-sen’sancestralhome"Dongguan"and"Zijin""Twoopinions.

ThepictureontherightisagroupphotoofSunYat-senwiththeSun'sclanfamilymembersinDongguanwhenhebecametheinterimpresidentin1912.

(Thepictureofthefamilyhistoryalbumcomesfrom)

AncestralTemple

TheAncestralTempleoftheSunClanislocatedinZuobuVillage,NanlangTown,ZhongshanCity.MovingfromheretoCuihengVillage,thehistoricalbuildingsinthevillagearetypicalrepresentativesofCantonese-stylehistoricalbuildingsinZhongshanandeventhePearlRiverDelta.Infact,SunYat-senandhisdescendantsalsocametoZuobuVillagemanytimestopayhomagetotheirancestors.OnMay27,1912,SunYat-sen,whohadresignedastheinterimpresident,returnedtoXiangshanProvinceandmadeaspecialtriptoZuobuSun’sAncestralHall.Ancestor.OnMay28th,SunYat-sen'sboatarrivedatZuobuVillage,landedatZuobuWharf,enteredthevillagethroughthearchwaygateofZhongxingli,andmetwithclanrelatives.IntheShuangzhuangSunGongTempleinZuobuVillage,youcanstillseesomepicturesreflectingSunYat-senandhisdescendantsvisitingtheirancestorshere.Tocommemoratethisincident,ZuoBupeoplealsospeciallybuiltthe"SunWenyeZumen"infrontoftheSun'sAncestralHall.

Family

Predecessors

Grandfather:SunJingxian(1789-1850)

Grandmother:HuangZhilan(1792-1869)

Father:SunDacheng(1813-1888)Years)

Mother:YangKeqing(1828-1910)

Brothersandsisters

Eldestbrother:SunMei,ZiDeZhang(1854～1915)

Sister:SunMiaoqian(1863－1955)

Sister:SunQiuqi(1871~1912)

Anotherbrother:(SunDeyou)diedattheageoffive

Anothersister:(SunJinxing)alsodieearly

WifeandConcubine

Originalpartner:LuMuzhen(1867-1952)divorcedSunYat-senin1915

Japanesewife:OtsukiKaoru(1888-1970)DuringhisstayinJapan,heNeverseen

Concubine:ChenCuifen(1873-1960)LeavingSunYat-senin1912

Japaneseconcubine:HaruAsada(1882-1902)

Lastwife:SoongChingLing(1893-1981),marriedSunYat-seninJapanonOctober25,1915.

Children

Son:SunKe(October20,1891—September20,1973)

Theeldestdaughter:SunXi(March31,1894—June25,1913)

Seconddaughter:SunWan(November12,1896—June3,1979)

TheeldestdaughterofJapanesenationality:MiyagawaFumiko(1906—1990)(withBornbyYuexun)(bornin1906)

Grandson

Theeldestgrandson:SunZhiping(November15,1913-April6,2005)

Secondgrandson:SunZhiqiang(1915-2001)

Granddaughter

Longestgranddaughter:SunSuiying(bornin1922)

Secondgranddaughter:SunSuihua(bornin1925)

Thirdgranddaughter:SunSuifang(bornin1935)

Fourgranddaughter:SunSuifen(1938—January29,2011)

grandson

WangHongzhi(sonofSunWanandWangBoqiu)

DaiYongfeng(sonofSunWanandDainsai)

MiyagawaToichi(sonofMiyagawaFumiko)

Granddaughter

WangHui(daughterofSunWanandWangBoqiu)

DaiChenggong(daughterofSunWanandDainsai)

Characteranecdotes

Name

SunYat-senhasusedmanynames,mostofwhichareusedtopromotetherevolutionorgetridofthewanted,Partistoexpresslifeexpectations.SunYat-senalsousedpseudonymssuchasChenWen,Shanyue,DuJiaruo,Gongwu,Dizhu,Gaosheng,WuZhong,aswellaspseudonymssuchasYoungMasterQiyou,CentralPlainsFighter,NanyangElementarySchoolStudent,andNanyangFirstStudent.AftertheRevolutionof1911,SunYat-sennolongerfacedtheManchuchase,andallhisownpublicandprivatefilesweresignedwithhisrealname"SunWen".

IntheofficialdocumentsoftheQinggovernment,allarticleswerewrittenonhisname"Wen",withtheadditionofthreewaterradicals,whichwasderogatedasSunWen.Theterm"WenWen"comesfrom"HistoricalRecordsofQuYuan'sBiography":"WenWenistheonewhocaninspectwithhisbody,andtheWenWenwhoreceivesthings?"Thepersonwhocommentedthisarticle,orsaid"WenWen,stilldimandunclear.",Or"stainedanddusty",or"defiled".

Nature

Name

Interpretation

Charactername

Deming

Thenameonthefamilytree.

Youngname

EmperorElephant

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Theword"帝"meansthatrelativesrequestthegodof"NorthernEmperor"forprotection.

Name

文

Thetrainingnamegiventoschoolinthehometown.

Word

Loadit

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Itisderivedfromthename"wen",whichmeans"textisusedtocarryTao".

Number,Christianname

DayNew

Takenfromthephrase"GouRixin,DailyNew,andNewer"in"University".ThesignatureoftheChristianbaptisminHongKongin1883,whichisalsotheChristianname

Number,Christianname

Yatsen

bytheChineseteacher,PastorFengChi,accordingtotheCantonesehomophonyof"NiXin"Changed.

Romanization

SunYat-sen

TheCantonesepinyinof"SunYixian".BecauseSunwasadoctor,heisoftenhonoredas"Dr.SunYat-sen".

alias

Zhongshanqiao

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In1897,inordertocoverthewhereaboutsofexileinJapan,JapanesefriendZhouHirayamaaccompaniedSuntostayinahotel.HethoughtthattherewasaChineseZhongshanfamilyresidencenearby.ThefamilymemberKeikoNakayamawasthebirthmotherofEmperorMeiji.Atthesametime,SunWenalsoadmiredEmperorMeiji'smeasurestopromotetheMeijiRestoration,sohenamedhimtheJapanesesurname"Zhongshan"andaddedtheself-selected"Qiao".

alias

TakanoNagao

NamedincommemorationofDr.TakanoNagasaki,aJapanesereformer.

Genericname

SunYat-sen

In1903,therevolutionaryZhangShizhaotranslatedthework"Thirty-threeYearsofDream"bytheJapaneseTonzoMiyazaki(namelyMiyazakiMonstrous)into"TheGreatRevolutionarySunYixian"",theoriginalsurnamewasusedinconjunctionwithapseudonymtobecomethegeneraltermforSunWeninfuturegenerations.

Honorifictitle

SunYat-senandSoongChingLing(10photos)

AfterSunYat-sen'sdeathin1925WhenthepublicmemorialceremonywasheldattheShejialtarinBeijing’sCentralPark,FanZhongxiu,commander-in-chiefoftheHenanArmy,speciallypresentedagiantplainflowerbanner(wide,fourorfivefeethigh)withthewords"FatheroftheNation"inthebigbook,hiscondolences,Arecalled"FatheroftheNation",thisisthebeginningofSunYat-senbeingrespectedas"FatheroftheNation"inpublic.

OnMarch21,1940,inthemiddleoftheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan,the143rdmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheCentralCommitteeoftheChineseKuomintangmadearesolution:namingtheprimeministerofthepartyasthefatheroftheRepublicofChina,andhonoringhim.AccordingtotheresolutionoftheCentralStandingCommittee,theNationalistGovernmentadvocatedtheNationalRevolutionwithDr.SunYat-sen,createdtheRepublicofChinabyhand,renewedtheregime,establishedthefoundationforever,seeksuniversalunity,andseeksinternationalequality.Onthe1stofthismonth,thewholecountrywasorderedtohonorSunYat-senasthefoundingfatheroftheRepublicofChina.OnMay29ofthesameyear,theNationalGovernmentissuedaclearorderstatingthatallgovernmentagenciesandmassorganizationsshouldberenamedasthefatherofthenation,andeitherthefatherofthenationortheprimeministerintheKuomintangparty.Booksandtextsthathavebeenprintedbytheprivatepeopledonotneedtobechanged.

DuringtheperiodofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaorChina’sfoundingfatherwasnotofficiallystipulatedasSunYat-senoranyoneelse.WhenthegovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaortheCommunistPartyofChinamentionsSunYat-seninformaloccasionsordocuments,thetitleusuallyusedis"theforerunneroftherevolution."SunYat-senhasneverbeencalledthefatherofthenation.

(FromthepicturesofSunYat-senandSoongChing-ling)

Wills

SeventeendaysbeforeSunYat-sen'sdeath,thatis,19252Onthe24th,heknewthathewasdead,andmadethreewills.Thesethreewillsare"StateWills","FamilyWills",and"WillstotheSovietUnion."ThefirsttwowillsweredictatedbySunYat-senandrecordedbyWangJingwei."TheSuicideNotetotheSovietUnion"wasdictatedinEnglishbySunYat-senandrecordedbyhisSovietadviserBorodin.WhenSunYat-sendictatedthewill,SongZiwen,SunKe,KongXiangxi,ShaoYuanchong,WuJingheng,DaiEnsai,HeXiangning,ZouLu,DaiJitaoandothersallsignedthewillascertifiers.SunYat-senhadtosign,butbecauseheheardSoongChingLingweepingintheneighboringroom,hecouldn'tbeartomakeSoongChingLingsad,sohedidn'tsignthewillthatday.Itwasnotuntil1a.m.onMarch11,thatheknewnotlongafterhewasalive,thatheaddedhisnametothewill.

ThefulltextofSunYat-sen’s"Will"is:

"IhavebeendedicatedtotheNationalRevolutionfor40years,andhispurposeistoseekChina’sfreedomandequality.Theaccumulatedexperienceoffortyyearsknowsthatinordertoachievethisgoal,wemustarousethepeopleandthenationsthatwaitformeintheworldtofighttogether.

Therevolutionhasnotyetsucceeded.Comrademe,WemustcontinuetoworkhardforimplementationinaccordancewithYu's"StrategiesfortheFoundingofaNation,""OutlineoftheFoundingofaNation,""ThreePrinciplesofthePeople"and"DeclarationoftheFirstNationalCongress".Promoteitsrealizationintheshortestperiodoftime.It'swhatwewilldo!"

Duringhiscriticalillness,SunYat-senstillwantedtosaveChinaandthepeople.Atthattime,Chinawasinastateofdividedwarlords.DuanQiruiinsistedonholdinga"remedialmeeting"andimplementedtheredistributionofthespoilsamongthewarlords,sothatChinacontinuedtobedividedintowarlords.SunYat-sentriedhisbesttoseekpeacefulreunificationandadvocatedtheconveningofaNationalAssemblywiththeparticipationofpeoplefromallwalksoflife,todeterminethecountry’sreunificationandconstructionplans,andtoabolishtheunequaltreatiesimposedonChinabyimperialism,togetridofpoliticalandeconomicshackles,andtobuildanewone.OfChina.SunYat-seninstigatedthisasatestamentinhiswill,placinghishopeson"arousingthepeople",showinghisstrongpatriotism.

SunYat-senwentthroughtherevolutionallhislifeandtrulydidhisbest.Apartfromclothingandbooks,theonlyprivatepropertyleftbyhimathisdeathbedwasaShanghairesidence(thatis,theformerresidenceofSunYat-sen,No.7XiangshanRoad,Shanghai).).His"FamilyWill"reads:

"Yuhasexhaustedhiscountry'saffairs,hasnotruledhisfamilyproperty,hisclothes,books,houses,etc.,allshallbepaidtomywife,SoongChingLing,asacommemoration.Yu'schildrenhavegrownup,Tobeabletostandontheirown,hopethateachone’slovewillcontinuethefuture.Thistestimony."

SunYat-senreceivedhelpfromtheSovietUnioninhislateryears.HewasgreatlyencouragedbythesuccessoftheRussianRevolution.Thethreemajoragriculturalandindustrialpoliciesemphasizedthat"therevolutioninthefuturewillnotbebasedonRussiaandnothingwillbeaccomplished."Ontheeveofhisdeath,SunYat-senonceagainpinnedhishopesontheSovietUnionandspeciallydictatedthe"SuicideNotetotheSovietUnion."TheChinesetranslationofthissuicidenoteis:

"DearcomradesoftheGreatJointCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheSovietSocialistRepublic:

Iamsufferingfromanincurablediseasehere,andmyheartisthisThetimeturnstoyou,toourpartyandthefutureofourcountry.

Youaretheleaderofthefreerepublicunion.ThisfreerepublicunionisoneoftheimmortalLeninlegacyandtheworldofoppressednations.Thereallegacy.Therefugeesunderimperialismwillusethistodefendtheirfreedomandseekliberationfromtheinternationalsystembasedonthepartialityofancientenslavementwars.

WhatIhaveleftistheKuomintang.IhopetheKuomintangwillbedone.InthehistoricalworkofliberatingChinaandothercountriesinvadedbytheimperialistsystem,wewillworktogetherwithyou.DestinymakesmehavetoputasidemyunfinishedbusinessandtransferittosomeonewhoadherestoKuomintangismandlessonsandorganizesmytruecomrades.ThereforeIam.IhaveinstructedtheKuomintangtocarryouttheworkofthenationalrevolutionarymovement,sothatChinacanavoidimperialismfromimposingimperialismonChina’ssemi-colonialconditions.Inordertoachievethisproject,IhaveinstructedtheKuomintangleadertocontinuetosupportyou.Ifirmlybelievethatyourgovernmentwilldothesame.Imustcontinuetoprovideassistancetoourcountry.

Dearcomrades,whenIsaygoodbyetoyou,Iwouldliketoexpressmyardenthopethatthedawnwillsoonbreak,andtheSovietUnionwelcomesitwithgoodfriendsandallies.AprosperousandindependentChina,thetwocountrieswillgohandinhandtowinthewarforfreedomoftheoppressednationsintheworld.

Iwishyoupeacewithbrotherhood!SunYat-sen(signature)"

>

CharacterEvaluation

  • MaoZedonginthearticle"RemembranceofMr.SunYat-sen",highlyappraisedSunYat-sen'slife.Hesaidthat"SunYat-senisthe"banneroftheChineserevolutionarydemocrats",emphasizingtocommemoratehisgreatachievementsinleadingthepeopletooverthrowthemonarchyandestablisharepublicduringtheRevolutionof1911.TocommemoratehisdevelopmentoftheoldThreePeople'sPrinciplesintoanewThreePeople'sPrinciplesduringthefirstcooperationbetweentheKuomintangandtheCommunistParty."SunYat-senisahumbleman.FromhisattentiontostudyingChinesehistoricalconditionsandcurrentsocialconditions,andfromhisattentiontostudyingforeigncountries,includingtheSovietUnion,Iknowthatheisveryhumble.","Heisveryhumble."IspentmyentirelifetryingtotransformChina.Ireallydidmybestanddied."

  • ZhouEnlai:SunYat-senisabourgeoisrevolutionist,hehasMeritalsohasshortcomings.

  • 朱德：孙中山先生在四十年的革命斗争中充分地表现了坚决和勇敢的革命精神。他不怕困难和失败，他在遭受失败后，又整顿好革命队伍，重新走上战场。孙中山先生能够随着历史的变化不断地进步，由早期的主张推翻皇帝、建立民国而进到晚年的提出联俄、联共、扶助农工的三大政策，由倡导民主革命而进到主张实现世界大同。在孙中山的一生中，他的革命精神永远是在前进的。

  • 刘少奇说：“孙中山先生是伟大的革命家，是我们的老师。我们现在实行的新民主主义就是继承了孙中山先生的新三民主义。”

  • 邓小平：邓小平的谈话将孙中山的伟大的历史功绩概括为两个方面：一是孙中山领导辛亥革命，结束了中国两千多年的封建帝制，二是开创国共合作，导致了北伐战争的胜利。

  • 江泽民：在1996年孙中山诞辰130周年纪念大会上，江泽民就指出：“孙中山先生是杰出的爱国主义者和民族英雄，是中国民主革命的伟大先行者。他在我国各族人民和一切爱国人士中享有崇高的威望。”、“孙中山先生代表着一个时代。”

  • 胡锦涛：2006年11月12日，在孙中山先生诞辰140周年纪念大会上，胡锦涛以“三个一生”、三个“始终”，高度评价了孙中山的一生：“孙中山先生一生追求真理，始终与时俱进；一生不懈奋斗，始终坚韧不拔；一生热爱祖国，始终致力于振兴中华。”

  • 习近平：习近平指出，实现中华民族伟大复兴是海内外中华儿女共同的“梦”。鸦片战争以后西方列强的侵略蹂躏、封建统治的腐败给中国人民带来了深重苦难，无数仁人志士奋起寻求救国救民、振兴中华的道路。孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，结束了在中国延续几千年的君主专制制度，为中国的进步打开了闸门。

  • 列宁：列宁在《中国的民主主义和民粹主义》一文中称赞孙中山“是充满着崇高精神和英雄气概的革命的民主主义者”。

  • 陈锡祺：孙中山先生领导创立了中国历史上第一个民主共和国，提出过系统的物质文明、精神文明、政治文明的建设计划，这充分显示了孙中山先生的气魄与眼光，他的很多设想在今天仍有参考价值。

  • 孙穗芳：祖父不是那种高高在上的人，他的生活很艰辛，为了救国，他经常是吃不饱睡不好，颠沛流离。这些年我寻访祖父足迹的讲演经历，让我亲身体会到他的这种艰辛。

  • 韦慕庭：孙中山领导的革命，在他生前确实没有成功，他未能及身看到祖国的独立和富强，在这个意义上，孙中山可说是个失败者。但是，他对中华民族在精神上的巨大影响，始终激励着中国人民为祖国的独立和富强而斗争；在他身后，中国革命成功了，中华民族继承孙中山遗志，终于取得全世界瞩目的进步，在这个意义上，孙中山又不能说是一个失败者。

后世纪念

纪念大会

2015年11月8日，政协第十二届全国委员会常务委员会第十三次会议通过，2016年11月12日是伟大的民族英雄、伟大的爱国主义者、中国民主革命的伟大先驱孙中山先生诞辰150周年纪念日。为缅怀孙中山先生为民族独立、社会进步、人民幸福所建立的历史功勋，学习、继承和发扬孙中山先生的爱国思想、革命意志和进取精神，巩固和发展海内外中华儿女的大团结，巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线，维护两岸关系和平发展，共同推进祖国和平统一大业，最大限度地把全民族的力量凝聚起来，致力于实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，中国人民政治协商会议第十二届全国委员会常务委员会决定届时举行隆重的纪念活动。

2016年3月12日是孙中山先生逝世91周年纪念日。当天上午，马英九以中国国民党最高从政党员身份，到台北孙中山纪念馆向中山先生铜像献花致敬。

2016年11月11日，纪念孙中山先生诞辰150周年大会在人民大会堂举行。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平出席大会并发表重要讲话（主词条：在纪念孙中山先生诞辰150周年大会上的讲话）。中共中央政治局常委、全国政协主席俞正声主持大会。

2020年11月12日，全国政协在北京中山公园中山堂举行仪式，纪念孙中山先生诞辰154周年。

纪念币

2016年10月12日中国人民银行决定自即日起陆续发行孙中山先生诞辰150周年纪念币一套。该套纪念币共3枚，其中金质纪念币1枚，银质纪念币1枚，铜合金纪念币1枚，均为中华人民共和国法定货币。

纪念展

2020年8月11日，“上海城市记忆中的孙中山——纪念孙中山先生逝世95周年文物文献展”在上海市档案馆（外滩馆）开幕。

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