television

PrinciplesofTV

ThemethodofusingelectricityforTVinstantlytransmitsvisualimagesoftheevent.Similartomovies,televisionusesthevisualresidualeffectofthehumaneyetodisplayaframeofgradualstillimagestoformavisuallymovingimage.ThetransmittingendoftheTVsystemconvertseachminutepartofthesceneintoelectricalsignalsaccordingtobrightnessandchromaticity,andthentransmitstheminsequence.Atthereceivingend,thebrightnessandchromaofeachminutepartaredisplayedaccordingtothecorrespondinggeometricpositiontoreproducetheentireoriginalimage.TheTVsignalscanningsystemandchannelbandwidthofdifferentcountriesarenotexactlythesame.AccordingtotherecommendationsoftheInternationalRadioConsultativeCommittee(CCIR),theLatinalphabetisusedtodistinguishthem.

TVsignal

TheTVsignalissampled,transmittedandreproducedsequentiallyfrompointtosurfacebyscanning.TheTVscanningsystemofdifferentcountriesisdifferent.InChina,itis25framespersecondwith625linesperframe.Eachlineisscannedfromlefttoright,andeachframeisdividedintotwofieldsofoddandevenlinesfromtoptobottombyinterlacingtoreducethefeelingofflicker.Imageinformationistransmittedduringthescanningprocess,whenthescanningelectronbeamreturnsfromtheendofthepreviouslineforwardtothelineback-travelretracelinebeforethestartpointofthenextline,andaftereachfieldisscannedfromtoptobottom,itreturnstotheupperfieldback-travelreturn.Allsweeplinesshouldbeblanked.Duringthelineandfieldblankingperiod,thelineandfieldsynchronizationsignalistransmittedtosynchronizethescanningofreceivingandsending,soastoaccuratelyreproducetheoriginalimage.

TVcamera

TVcamerafocusesthelightimageofthesceneonthephotosensitive(orlightguide)targetsurfaceofthecameratube,andthephotoelectronexcitationorphotoconductivityateachpointofthetargetsurfaceThechangesvarywiththebrightnessofeachpointofthelightimage.Whenanelectronbeamisusedtoscanthetargetsurface,anelectricalsignalwhoseamplitudeisproportionaltothebrightnessofthelightimageofthesceneateachpointisgeneratedandtransmittedtotheTVreceivertomakethescanningelectronbeamofthekinescopescreenchangewiththestrengthoftheinputsignal.Whenscanningsynchronouslywiththesendingend,theoriginalimagesentwillappearonthescreenofthepicturetube.

TheprocessofTVsignaltransmissionanddistributiontakeslivebroadcastsinothercitiesasanexample,generallyfromcameras,TVcentersorOBtrucks,throughmicrowaverelaylines,transmitterstations,andfinallytouserTVreceivers.Inaddition,televisionbroadcastingsatellitesandcabletelevisionarealsoeffectivemeansfornationalandurbanregionaltelevisiontransmissionanddistribution,respectively.

TVsystem

TheTVsignalscanningsystemofvariouscountriesisnotexactlythesameasthechannelbandwidth.AccordingtotherecommendationsoftheInternationalRadioConsultativeCommittee(CCIR),theLatinalphabetisusedtodistinguish.Forexample,Mrepresents30framespersecond,526linesperframe,andthevideobandwidthis4.2MHz,plusthetotalhighfrequencybandwidthoftheresiduallowersidebandofFMaudioandAMvideois6MHz;DandKrepresent25framespersecond,625perframeOK,thevideobandwidthis6MHz,andthehighfrequencybandwidthis8MHz.ThefullTVsignalofthevideobasebandandtheaudiosignalarerespectivelymodulatedtotheVHForUHFfrequencybandforbroadcasttransmission.

Inadditiontoincludingthescansandchannelsthatarethesameasthoseofblack-and-whiteTV,whicharedistinguishedbyLatinletters,differentcolorTVsystemsareformedaccordingtothedifferentencodinganddecodingmethodsofthethreeprimarycolorsignalsatthetransmittingandreceivingends..Thebroadcastcolortelevisionsystemrequirescompatibilitywithblack-and-whiteTV,thatis,black-and-whiteTVsetscanreceivecolorTVbroadcasts,andcolorTVscanalsoreceiveblack-and-whiteTVbroadcasts,butalltheyreceiveareblack-and-whiteimagesandaccompanyingaudio.Tothisend,colorTVsarebasedontheprincipleofmixingacertainproportionofthethreeprimarycolorsintheadditivecolormixingmethodintovariouscolorsincludingwhitelight.Atthesametime,inordertobecompatibleandcompressthetransmissionband,red(R)andgreen(G)aregenerallyused.Thethreeprimarycolorsignalsofblue(B)andblue(B)composethebrightnesssignal(Y)andthetwocolordifferencesignals(BY)and(RY)ofblueandred.Thebrightnesssignalcanbeusedtotransmitblackandwhiteimages,andthecombinationofthecolordifferencesignalandthebrightnesssignalcanrestoreThreeprimarycolorsignalsofred,greenandblue.Therefore,compatiblecolorTVsnotonlytransmitthesamebrightnesssignalandaudiosignalasblack-and-whiteTVs,butalsotransmitchrominancesignalsatthesametimeinthesamevideofrequencyband.Thechrominancesignaliscomposedoftwocolordifferencesignalsmodulatingthecolorsubcarriersatthehighfrequencyendofthevideofrequencyband.Inordertopreventthemodulationofthecolordifferencesignalfrombeingoverloaded,theblueandreddifferencesignals(BY)and(RY)arecompressedandcompressed.ThefollowingblueandreddifferencesignalsarerepresentedbyUandV.

1. NTSCisacompatiblecolortelevisionsystemofficiallybroadcastintheUnitedStatesin1954,andisalsousedinCanada,Japanandothercountries.NTSCistheabbreviationofNationalTelevisionSystemCommittee(NationalTelevisionSystemCommittee).Thissystemisbasedonthehumaneye’sweakestabilitytodistinguishcolordetailsbetweenblueandmagenta,andthestrongestabilitytodistinguishcolordetailsbetweenredandyellow.ItusesthecolordifferencesignalQandredbetweenblueandmagenta.ThecolordifferencesignalIbetween,andyellowreplacestheblueandreddifferencesignalsUandV.UseQandIcolordifferencesignalstoperformquadraturebalanceamplitudemodulationontwoco-frequencycolorsub-carrierswithinitialphaseanglesof33°and123°tofacilitatedecoding,separationandsuppressionofsub-carriers.Themodulatedtwocolor-differencesignalsaremixedtoformChrominancesignal.Inordertoperformsynchronousdetectiononthechrominancesignalatthereceivingend,itisnecessarytousethehorizontalblankingperiodatthetransmittingendtosendanexcellentsynchronizationsignal.Thissystemischaracterizedbysimpledecodingcircuitandlowcost.

2. ThePALsystemwasdevelopedbytheFederalRepublicofGermanyin1963toreducethephasesensitivityoftheNTSCsystem.Itwasofficiallybroadcastin1967andisalsousedincountriessuchastheUnitedKingdomandChina.PAListheabbreviationofPhaseAlternationLine.ThissystemusesUandVcolordifferencesignalstoperformquadraturebalanceamplitudemodulationontwoco-frequencycolorsubcarrierswithinitialphasesof0°and90°,andinvertthecolordifferencesignalsoftheVcomponentlinebyline.Inthisway,thephasedeviationofthechrominancesignalisaveragedbetweenadjacentrowstobecancelled.Thecharacteristicofthissystemisthatitisnotverysensitivetophasedeviation,andislessaffectedbytheappearanceofghostingcolorsduetomultipathreceptionduringtransmission.

3. TheSECAMsystemwasofficiallybroadcastinFrancein1967.ItisalsoacompatiblecolortelevisionsystemdevelopedtoimprovethephasesensitivityoftheNTSCsystem.ItisalsousedintheSovietUnionandsomeEasternEuropeancountries..SECAMistheabbreviationofSéquentialCouleuràMémoire(SéquentialCouleuràMémoire).Whentheluminanceandchrominancesignalsaretransmittedatthesametime,thesendertransmitstheredandbluedifferencesignalslinebyline.However,whendecodingatthereceivingend,itisnecessarytohaveboththebrightnessandredandbluedifferencesignalstorestorethered,green,andblueprimarycolorsignals.Therefore,thedelaylineisusedinthereceivingdecodertostoreoneofthereceivedcolordifferencesignalsforoneline.,Andthenwiththereceivedbrightnessofthenextline(whichhasbeendelayedbyonelineatthesender)andanothercolordifferencesignaltoformthreesignalsfordecoding.Thechrominancesignalisformedbyfrequencymodulationofthetwocolordifferencesignalsofredandbluerespectivelytotwocolorsubcarrierswithacertainfrequencyinterval.Thecharacteristicofthissystemisthatitislessaffectedbythemultipathreceptioninthetransmission.

4. FullTVsignalThecompositesignalofthetransmissionimageintheTVvideobaseband.ThefullTVsignalofblack-and-whiteTVincludes:line(horizontal)andfield(vertical)scanningsynchronizationandblankingsignalsduringthescanningbackwardtravelperiod,andtheblackandwhiteluminancesignalduringthescanningforwardtraveltime.Amongthem,thesynchronizationsignalsynchronizesthescanningofthereceivingandsendingtoensurethestablereproductionofthereceivedimage;theblankingsignalisusedtoeliminatetheinterferenceoftheflybackbrightline;theblackandwhitebrightnesssignalisusedfortheblackandwhiteorcolorTVtoreceivetheblackandwhiteTVimage.

Etymology

In1934,SunMingjingworkedasYangJianchu’sassistantattheSchoolofScience,NanjingCentralUniversity,anddevelopedChina’sfirstsetofcamera-capable,transmission,ReceivedandbroadcastedTVprincipleprototype.YangJianchuidentified"TV"asthecorrespondingnameoftelevisioninChinese.

In1939,SunMingjingofficiallylisted"TV"asthethirteenthcourseofJinlingUniversity,and"TV"officiallybecameaChineseuniversitycourse.

Systemstructure

Signalsystem

TheTVsignalsystemincludesthreeparts:thepublicsignalchannel,thesoundchannelandthefinalstagecircuitofthevideoamplifier.TheirmainfunctionsareAmplifyandprocessthereceivedhigh-frequencytelevisionsignal(includingimagesignalandaudiosignal),andfinallyreproducetheimageonthefluorescentscreen,andrestoretheaudiointhespeaker.Itiscomposedofhigh-frequencyamplifier,mixerandlocaloscillator.

Thefunctionofthehigh-frequencyamplifieristoselectandamplifythehigh-frequencyTVprogramsignalreceivedbythehigh-ratedtuner,andobtaintheimagemiddle-frequencysignalandtheaudiointermediate-frequencysignalthroughthemixingprocess.

Theroleoftheacousticsurfaceoftheintermediatefrequency(firstintermediatefrequency)signalistoformtheamplitude-frequencycharacteristicsoftheimage.

Theroleofpre-amplifier:amplifythesmallsignal(20dBamplifyasmallamount)tocompensateforthesignallossofthesurfaceacousticfilter.

Thesurfacefilterrealizestheimpedancematchingbetweenthehigh-pricedtunerandtheimageamplifier.

ACC(automaticgaincontrol)circuit:Bycontrollingthegainofthemid-ampandhigh-amplificationcircuits,theamplitudeofthevideosignalvoltageoftheAGCandANCoutputbythedetectorisbasicallystable;

ANC(Automaticnoisesuppression)circuit:toreducetheinfluenceandinterferenceoftheexternalnoisesignaloftheTVontheTV.

Scanningsystem

TheTVscanningsystemincludesasynchronizationcircuit,alinescanningcircuit,afieldscanningcircuit,apicturetubeanditspowersupplycircuit.Themainfunctionofthescanningsystemistoformanormalgratingonthephosphorscreenofthepicturetube.

TheamplitudeseparationcircuittakesadvantageofthehighestamplitudeofthesyncsignalinallTVsignals,takesoutthecompositesyncsignalandtheintegrationcircuitusesthefeaturethatthewidthoftheverticalsyncsignalismuchsmallerthanthewidthofthehorizontalsyncsignaltosynchronizetheverticalThesignalisseparatedfromthecompositesynchronizationsignaltocontrolthefieldscanningcircuittoachieveTVfieldscanningsynchronization.

TheseparationmethodoftheintegralcircuitisalsocalledthewidthseparationAFCcircuit.ThefunctionoftheAFCcircuitistoautomaticallyrealizethelinesynchronization.Theprincipleistotakethehorizontalsynchronizationsignaloutofthecompositesynchronizationsignal,compareitwiththehorizontalfrequencysawtoothplatingsignalfedbackfromthelineoutputstageofthemachine,andthenoutputtheerrorcontrolvoltagetoadjustthefrequencyandphaseofthehorizontalscanningtorealizethehorizontalTVsynchronizationcircuit.

Powersupplycircuit

ThefunctionoftheTVpowersupplycircuitistotransform(step-down)the220VACvoltageprovidedbytheTV,andthenrectify,filterandstabilizeittomeettherequirementsThestableDCvoltageissuppliedtoeachpartofthecircuit.

Developmenthistory

Birthprocess

Christmas1883

TheGermanelectricalengineerNipkovusedhisinvented"NipThe"KoffDisk"usedamechanicalscanningmethodtoconductthefirstexperimentoftransmittingimages.Eachpicturehas24lines,andtheimageisquiteblurry.

In1908

KembelSwinton,EnglandandRoschenkofffromRussiaputforwardtheprincipleofelectronicscanning,whichlaidthetheoreticalfoundationfortelevisiontechnology.

1923

Oneoftheinventorsoftelevision,theSoviet-AmericanZwarikin(alsotranslatedasVeratimirSforodin)inventedtheelectrostaticstoragecameratube.In1923,inventedtheelectronicscanningpicturetube,whichwasthepioneeroftelevisionphotography.

In1925

BritishJohnRockyBairdcarriedoutnewresearchworkbasedonthe"NipkovDisc"andinventedamechanicalscanningTVcameraandreceiver.Atthattime,theresolutionofthepicturewasonly30lines,thescannercouldonlyscanthescanningarea5timespersecond,andthepictureitselfwasonly2incheshighandoneinchwide.PerformedtothepublicinasmallshopinLondon.

In1926

Oneoftheinventorsoftelevision,Baird,gaveabroadcastandreceptionperformancetotheBritishpress.

1927—1929

BairdconductedthefirstelectromechanicalTVtrialbroadcastviatelephonecable;thefirstshortwaveTVtrial;theBritishBroadcastingCorporationbegantobroadcastTVprogramscontinuouslyforalongtime.

1930

RealizethesimultaneousbroadcastingofTVimagesandsound.

1931

ThefilmwasputontheTVscreenforthefirsttime.PeoplewatchedthelivebroadcastofthefamousBritishlocaljockeyclubontelevisioninLondon.AmericanFerroFarnsworth,oneoftheinventorsoftelevision,inventedatubetelevisiondevicethatcanproject25imagespersecond.

In1936

TheBritishBroadcastingCorporationadoptedBaird'selectromechanicaltelevisionbroadcasting,andforthefirsttimebroadcastedtelevisionimageswithhighdefinitionandenteredthepracticalstage.

In1939

AmericanRadioCorporationbeganbroadcastingall-electronictelevision.SwissPhilipinventedthefirstblack-and-whiteTVprojector.

1940

U.S.Guermadevelopedanelectromechanicalcolortelevisionsystem.

December17,1949

ThefirsttelevisioncablelaidbetweenLondonandSudenCalfelterwasputintouse.

1951

AmericanH.Loweinventedathree-gunshadowmaskcolorpicturetube,andLorenzinventedasingle-shotcolorpicturetube.

In1954

TheTexasInstrumentsCorporationoftheUnitedStatesdevelopedthefirstall-transistortelevisionreceiver.

1966

AmericanRadioCorporationdevelopedintegratedcircuittelevisions.Threeyearslater,acolortelevisionreceiverwithanelectronictuningdevicewasproduced.

In1972

JapandevelopedacolorTVprojector.

1973

Digitaltechnologywasusedintelevisionbroadcasting,andexperimentsprovedthatdigitaltelevisioncanbeusedforsatellitecommunications.

1976

TheUKcompletedthestudyofthe"TVLibrary"system.Userscandirectlychecknews,books,newspapersormagazinesontheTV.

1977

ThefirstbatchofportableTVsetsweredevelopedintheUK.

1979

Theworld'sfirst"cableTV"wasopenedinLondon.ItwasinventedbytheBritishPostOffice.Itcantransmittheinformationinthecomputerthroughtheordinarytelephonelineanddisplayitontheuser'sTVscreen.

In1981

JapanSonyCorporationdevelopedapocketblackandwhiteTVwitha2.5-inchLCDscreenandbattery-powered.

In1984

Japan'sPanasonicCorporationlaunched"UniversalTV."Thesystem’spictureis3.6meterswideand4.62metershigh,whichisequivalentto210inches.Itcanbeplacedonasmalltruckandplayedinsmallstreetsandsquareswhereneeded.Thesystemusesthe"high-brightnesscolorluminoustube"exclusivelydevelopedbyPanasonic,whichcangetcolorfulandbrightimagesoutdoorseveninthedaytime.

March17,1985

AttheTsukubaScienceWorldExpoheldinJapan,theultra-smallcolorTVwallbuiltbySonywasunveiled.Itislocatedonthecentralsquare,40meterslong,25metershigh,withanareaof​​1,000squaremeters,andtheentirebuildingisashighasa14-storybuilding.Itisquitea1857-inchcolorTV.Theultra-smallscreenconsistsof36smallluminousscreens,eachweighing1tonand1.8metersthick,with4linesand9workstotaling450,000colorluminouselements.Throughthecamerainstalledonthetop,variousactivitiesonthevenuecanbedisplayedatanytime,andvariousadvertisingvideosofSonycanbeplayed.

1985

BritishTelecom(BT)launchedanintegrateddigitalcommunicationnetwork.Itprovidesuserswithvoice,fasttransmissionchart,fax,slowscanTVterminalandsoon.November25,1991

Japan’sSonyCorporation’shigh-definitionTVbegantrialbroadcasting:itsscanninglineswere1,125,andtheimagequalitywasimprovedby100%;theaspectratioofthescreenwaschangedfromthetraditional9:12to9:16.Theviewer’ssenseofpresenceisenhanced;theviewingangleoftheflatcamerahasbeenexpandedfrom10degreesto30degrees,andthemaphasamoresenseofdepth;the“pixels”oftheTVsurfaceimagehaveincreasedfrom280,000to1.27millionunitsofinformationinonefellswoopIncreasedbynearly4times...Therefore,thedistancetowatchhigh-definitionTVisnot7timesofthepreviousscreenheightbut3times,andtheaccompanyingsoundisrealistic,using4-channelhigh-fidelitystereo,whichisfullofappeal.

1995

Japan’sSonyCorporationlaunchedanultra-miniaturecolorTVreceiver(ie,palm-typecolorTV),whichisassmallasapalmandweighs280grams.Ithasaspeakerandaheadphonejack.TheLCDscreenisabout5.5cm.Thepicturelookssmall,buttheimageisclear.Itsmostobviousfeatureis:thehumanbodyisusedasanantennatoobtaintheviewingeffect,andthetwoleadsareusedwhenwatchingTV.Putitaroundyourneck,youcangettheeffectofanoutdoorantenna.

1996

Japan’sSonyintroducedthe"wall-mounted"TVtothemarket:itslengthis60cm,widthis38cm,anditsthicknessisonly3.7cm,anditsweightisonly1.7kg,justlikeoneAmural.

DevelopmentofChina

September2,1958

mycountry’sfirstTVsetwassuccessfullymanufactured,andblack-and-whiteTVbegantobebroadcast,andcorrespondingTVsetswereestablishedindustry.

In1973,colorTVwaspiloted.

OnAugust10,2019,HuaweireleasedtheHonorSmartScreen.

Patentapplication

Bairdapplication

Withtheinventionofthetelephonein1875andthedevelopmentofradioandfilmtechnology,manyscientificandtechnicalpersonnelbegantostudyimagetransmissiontechnology,thinkingApplyingthelatestscientificandtechnologicalachievements,photoelectricconversionofstillormovingscenesandimagesiscarriedout,andelectricalsignalsaresentoutsothatthepicturescanbereproducedinotherplacesinrealtime.TheBritishengineerJ.L.Baird(JohnLogieBaird)whofirstinventedandrealizedsuchaTVsystem.BairdappliedtotheBritishPatentOfficeforthetitle"Systemfortransmittingimages,portraitsandscenesthroughwiredorradiowavecommunication"onJuly26,1923,andwasauthorizedonOctober9,1924.ThepatentnumberisGB222604..Thesystemisnotsomuchelectronicasitismechanical.ItisbasedonPaulNiphow,aRussian-GermanfromBerlin,Germany.TheGermanpatentDE30105named"ElectronicTelescope"in1884,the"ElectronicTelescope"consistsoftwoidenticalrotatingdisks,oneonthetransmitterandtheotheronthereceiver.Eachdiskhas24squareholesandaphotoelectrictubeforimagetransmission.Itisbasedontheconceptofmovingimages,thatis,whenaseriesofstillimageschangefastenough,itwillproducetheeffectofmovingpicturesvisually.However,duetotechnicalreasons,thepatenthasnotbeenimplemented.

Theabove-mentionedBairdpatentsuggestsamethodandsystemfortransmittingimages,portraitsandscenes.Eachareaof​​thesceneissuccessivelyprojectedonthephotosensitiveelement,andthereceiverusesthecurrentcausedbythephotosensitiveelement.Thechangelightsupaseriesofsmalllightssettothescreen,andthechangingilluminanceofthesesmalllightsonthescreenformsareproductionoftheoriginalpicture.Theinventionwillbefurtherdescribedbelowwithreferencetothedrawingsandembodiments:thesceneortargetAtobetransmittedisfocusedonarotatingdiskDthroughalensBtoformanimageC,andthediskDispiercedwithaseriesofsmallholesarrangedinaspiralline.ImageCcanbe1inchx1inch,andthediameteroftheholeonthediskcanbe1/18inch(or1/32inch).Theseholesaredistributedabout1inchcircumferentially.Thesecondholeis1/18inch(or1/32inch)closertothecenterthanthefirsthole,andthethirdholeis1/18inchclosertothecenterthanthesecondhole.Inch(or1/32inch),andsoonuntilthe18thhole(or32ndhole),sothatwhenthediskDrotates,eachpartofthepicturetobeconveyedpassesthrougha1/18inchoneafteranother.Inchholes(or1/32inchholes).ThereisaphotosensitiveelementEatthebackofthedisc.DifferentlightisappliedtothephotosensitiveelementthroughtheperforationM,whichcausesachangeinthecurrentflowingfromthebatteryFthroughthephotosensitiveelement,andthechangingcurrentisreducedthroughathermionicvacuumtube,etc.,throughawireorThecomponentsaretransportedtothereceiver.ThereceiverisequippedwithanarmGthatrotatesincompletesynchronizationwiththediskDofthetransmitter.TheendofthearmhasabrushandcommunicateswithaseriesofcontactsH,andeachcontactisconnectedtoasmalllight.,AndtheselightsarearrangedinrowsandcolumnstoformascreenK.Eachholescansastripofthepicture,andthestripisreproducedbyacolumnoflightsonthereceivingscreen,sothateachholehasitscorrespondingcolumnoflightscorrespondingtoit.Manylightscanbeused,andthemorelightsthebetterthepicture.Ifthecorrespondingmomentaryholefacesthebrightpartofthepicture,thelightwillbeverybright;ifthemomentaryholefacestheblackpartofthepicture,thelightwillbedim;thedifferentbrightnessofthelightonthescreenreproducesthepicture,thusforminganimage.

Bairdwasbornin1888.HestudiedatLatchfieldHighSchool,RoyalCollegeofTechnologyandGlasgowElementarySchool,butdroppedoutofschoolduetotheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWar.Hewasanunsuccessfulbusinessman.Whenhestartedhisresearchwork,hewasverypoorandhadnofunds.Hehadtousewasteitemssuchasteaboxes,biscuitboxes,wires,wax,etc.,tomakeexperimentaldevicesbyhimself.Eventherotatingdiscsweremadeofcards.Madeofcardboard,thepictureis30linesfromthetoptothebottom,anditistransmitted10timespersecond.

In1924,hesuccessfullylaunchedasmallpictureoftheMalteseCrosswithinafewmeters.OnOctober2,1925,hefinallysucceededinmakingthefaceoftheyoungworkerWilliamTaynton(WillianTaynton)appearonthetelevision.Hesignedacontractwithadepartmentstoreforremunerationfortelevisiontransmissionperformance,andcontinuedtoimprovethesystem.

In1928,Bairdbegantoofficiallybroadcastitstelevisionsystem,andbegantoresearchandexperimentwithcolortelevision.

In1929,theBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)signedalicensecontractwithBairdtousehisinventiontobroadcasttelevisiononatrialbasis.

In1936,theBBCusedradiotorealizetimedtelevisionbroadcastingforthefirsttimeintheworld.However,Baird'sTVadoptsthelimitationsofthemechanicaltechnicalroute.Despitehissmallefforts,thequalityofthetransmittedimageshasalwaysbeenproblematic.Thescanningaccuracyislimitedbytherotationspeed,theimageclarityisnotenough,andtheflickeringimagescauseheadachesfortheaudience.Itwasveryactiveinthisfieldatthattime.WhenBairdwasengagedintheresearchofTVsystemsbasedontheprincipleofmechanicalscanning,Americaninventorswereconductingresearchonelectronicscanning,tryingtoadoptanothertechnologicalroute—electronicTVsystems.

Zwolkin

Russian-AmericanengineerVladimirK.Zwolkin(VladimirEworykin)JappliedforonDecember29,1923,onDecember1938TheUS2141059patent,whichwasapprovedandpublishedonlyonthe20th,inventedtheCRTandcameratubetechnologyandtheTVsystem,layingthefoundationfortheelectronicTVsystem.AlthoughtheelectronicTVsystemwasnotperfectatthebeginning,theeffectwasnotasgoodasthemechanicalone,but,ThankstotheeffortsofZwolkin,AmericanWirelessCompanyandBritishEMICompany,thetechnologyhasmaderapidprogress.Forexample,thescanninglinewas48linesin1929and343linesin1935.

AlthoughZvolkin'spicturetubemakesTVpractical,itcannotmakeTVbroadcasteasyorperfect."Photoelectriccameratube"-asitisoftenmentionedbyTVcrews-canproduceclear,clearimages,butisnotverysensitivetolight.Inbrightdaylight,everythingisnormal,butinastudio,ahugeamountoflightisneeded—morethantheamountoflightrequiredbythefilmindustry.Theheatlevelexceeds100degreesFahrenheit,andactorsandactressesneedmakeup(includingthickeyeshadowboxesandlipgloss)tooffsetthedazzlinglightemittedbytheoldarclamps.Zvolkinandhisteamhavetoremedythis!

Attheendof1936andearly1937,twosystems,EMI’selectronictelevisionsystemandBaird’smechanicaltelevisionsystem,weresetupinAlexandraPalaceinthenorthofLondon,England.Useitinturntocomparewhichofthetwosystemsisbetter.Thefirst-classelectronicvarietytechnology.Threemonthslater,theBBCtoldBairdtoshutdownhissystem.Theelectronictelevisionsystemhasbecomethemainstreamtelevisionsystem.BairddiedinSussex,Englandin1946.Bexhill(Sussex).

Controversialevent

TVisnotaninventionofanyone.Itistheresultofasmallgroupofpeopleindifferenthistoricalperiodsandcountries.Asearlyasthenineteenthcentury,peoplebegantodiscussandexploremethodsoftransformingimagesintoelectronicsignals.In1900,theterm"Television"hadalreadyappeared.

Peopleusuallyregardtheimageofthepuppets"scanned"inanexperimentconductedbytheScotsmanJohnLogieBairdinLondononOctober2,1925asasignofthebirthoftelevision.,Heisknownasthe"fatheroftelevision."However,thisviewiscontroversial.

Because,alsointhatyear,theAmericanVladimirZworykinshowedhisTVsystemtohisbossatWestinghouse.

Althoughthetimeisthesame,thetelevisionsystemsofJohnLogieBairdandVladimirZworykinareslightlydifferent.Historically,thetelevisionsystemofJohnLogieBaird(JohnLogieBaird)wascalledamechanicaltelevision,whiletheSforogen'ssystemwascalledanelectronictelevision.Thisdifferenceismainlyduetothedifferentprinciplesoftransmissionandreception.

Thedevelopmentoftelevisioniscomplicated.Manypeopleweredoingthesameresearchatalmostthesametime.

AmericanRCAlaunchedblackandwhitetelevisionsin1939,setthenationalcolortelevisionstandardin1953andlaunchedRCAcolortelevisionsin1954.

Classification

Fromtheuseeffectandappearance,itcanberoughlydividedinto5categories:flat-screenTV(plasma,LCDandsomeultra-thinwall-mountedDLPrearprojection),CRTpicturetubeTV(pureFlatCRT,ultraflatCRT,ultra-thinCRT,etc.),rearprojectionTV(CRTrearprojection,DLPrearprojection,LCOSrearprojection,LCDrearprojection),projectionTV,3DTV.

Suggestion

ThecloserthepersonistotheTV,Thelesstheirritationis,themorelikelyitistocauseeyefatigue.Therefore,theplacementoftheTVshouldbebasedontheprincipleofadaptingtothephysiologicalrequirementsoftheeye.

Thebestpositionisthatthepersonis2.5-8metersawayfromtheTV,anditsheightisslightlylowerthantheeyelevel.Whentheheightistoohigh,itiseasytocausefatiguewhenyoulookup.Whenitistoolow,itiseasytofatiguebecauseyouneedtolookdown.Ofcourse,youshouldalsopayattentionnottoplacetheTVtooobliquely,otherwise,tiltingyourheadwillnotonlycausetheimagetobeunclear,butalsomorelikelytocauseeyefatigue.

WhenwatchingTV,youshouldtakeashortbreakfornomorethan60minutesatatime,preferablywithyoureyesclosed.Someonehasdoneasurvey,ifyouwatchTVformorethan4hourswithouttakingabreak,youcanlosetwolinesofvision(0.2).WatchingTVforalongtimeisnotonlyeasytomakethechild'sbodyweakandobese,butalsoeasytoformmyopia.Ifthechildisalreadysufferingfrommyopia,itisbestnottowatchTVformorethanhalfanhouratatime,andrestfor10minutes.

Inaddition,theroomshouldmaintainacertainbrightnesswhenwatchingTV.Thatistosay,thecontrastbetweenthebrightnessoftheTVandthebrightnessoftheroomaroundtheroomshouldnotbeverydifferent,otherwiseitwilleasilycauseeyefatigue,andwillalsopromotetheformationanddevelopmentofmyopia.Therefore,alow-intensitylampshouldbekeptindoors,anditsbrightnessshouldbesuitabletobeabletoreadthewritingofthebook.

Related

Screensize

ThescreensizeoftheTVisaparameterthatmeasuresthesmallestpossibledisplayscreenoftheTV.ItismeasuredbythediagonaloftheTVscreen.Thelengthofthe

,theunitisusuallyinches.

ThesizeoftheLCDTVscreenisthesizemarkedinthestrictproductmanual,becausetheLCDscreenisnotcoveredbytheframe.

Individualproductssoldinthemarkethavefalsedimensions,whicharemainlymanifestedas1-2cmlessthanthemarkedstandardsize,thatis,lessthan1inchofdistance.

Internetinteraction

TVisareal-timemedia,unlessitisrecorded,itcannotbereviewedorwatchedrepeatedly.However,thenetworkmediahasobviousadvantagesinthisregard.IthasprintmediathatcanbeviewedatanytimeIthasovercometheshortcomingsofpoortimeliness,lackofclassificationandlimitedspace,andhasbecomeafleetingdatabaseofTVprogramsandaclassifiedinformationlibrary.

InteractionisanimportantmeansthatTVmediahasbeenexploringtostrengthentheconnectionbetweenthespreaderandtheaudienceandunderstandtheaudience’sresponse.Thedevelopmentofnetworktechnologyhasallowedpeopletohaveadeeperunderstandingofthewordinteraction,andithasbeenwrittenintothelifeoftheaudienceandthemedia.ThecombinationofTVandtheInternetisthebestmarriage.ThenetworkabsorbsthecontentofTV,andTVusesthenetworkplatformtotrulyoptimizethetransmissioneffect.

SetTopBox

ForSetTopBox(SetTopBox),thereisnostandarddefinition.Broadlyspeaking,anynetworkterminaldeviceconnectedtoaTVcanbecalledasettopbox.Fromanalogchannelsupplementsandanalogchanneldecodersbasedoncabletelevisionnetworksinthepast,to"Villas"Internetset-topboxesthatconnecttelephonelineswithTVsets,andintegratedreceiverdecoders(IRDs)fordigitalsatellites(IRD),Digitalterrestrialset-topboxesandcableTVdigitalset-topboxescanallbecalledset-topboxes.Inanarrowsense,ifyouonlytalkaboutdigitaldevices,set-topboxescanbedividedintoInternetset-topboxes,digitalsatelliteset-topboxes(DVB-S),digitalterrestrialset-topboxes(DVB-T),andcableTVdigitalset-topboxes(DVB-C)accordingtotheirmainfunctions.AndthelatestIPTVset-topboxes.

DigitalTVset-topboxisoneoftheinformationappliances,itisakindofconsumerelectronicsthatallowsuserstowatchdigitalTVprogramsonexistinganalogTVs,andconductinteractivedigitalentertainment,educationandcommercializationactivities.product.

Internetvideo

IPTVisaninteractiveInternetTV.Itisakindofinfrastructurethatutilizesabroadbandnetwork.)”isthemainterminaldevice,providinguserswithnewtechnologiesthatprovideuserswithavarietyofinteractivedigitalmediapersonalizedservicessuchasvideo-on-demand,Internetaccess,ande-mailgames.NetworkTVsoftwarebasedontheP2Pprinciple,butdifferentfromotherP2PnetworkTVs,theserver-sidefunctionisopen,allowinguserstoaddprogramsbythemselves,andprogramsfoundontheInternetcanalsobeadded.BasedontheP2Pprinciple,programscanalsobeadded.

Teletext

Teletextisasubsidiaryserviceoftelevisionbroadcasting.TeletextisananalogTVsystem.TheTVscreendisplays25framesofTVsignalspersecond,with625linesperframe.Eachlinesweepsfromthelefttotherightofthescreen,andeachframeisdividedintotwofieldsandsweepsfromthetoptothebottomofthescreen.Ofthe625linesineachframe,only575linesareactuallydisplayedonthescreen,andtheother50linesarereversetravelandcannotbeseen.Inadditiontotransmittingtestsignals,thereverseprocesscanalsobeusedtotransmitadditionaldatainformation,includinggraphicsandtext.Atthereceivingend,viewerscanuseadedicatedteletextdecodertoviewthetransmittedinformationonthescreen.