Introduction
Weaponfirecontrolsystemisageneraltermforequipmentthatcontrolsweaponstoautomaticallyorsemi-automaticallyimplementaimingandlaunching.Abbreviationforweaponfirecontrolsystem.Modernartillery,tankguns,tacticalrocketsandmissiles,airborneweapons(aircraftguns,bombsandmissiles),shipborneweapons(navalguns,torpedoes,missilesanddepthbombs)aremostlyequippedwithfirecontrolsystems.Unguidedweaponsareequippedwithfirecontrolsystems,whichcanimprovethespeedandaccuracyofaimingandlaunching,andenhancetheiradaptabilitytoharshbattlefieldenvironments,soastogivefullplaytotheweapon'sdamagecapability.Theguidedweaponisequippedwithafirecontrolsystem.Becauseofthemoreaccurateaimingbeforelaunch,itcanimprovetheworkingconditionsofitsguidancesystem,improvethemissile'sresponsetomobiletargets,andreducetheerrorrateoftheguidancesystem.
Composition
1,targettracker
2,firecontrolcomputer
3,systemconsole
4.Shootingcontrolinstrument
5.Interfaceequipment
6.Necessaryperipheralequipment
Function
1.ObtainthebattlefieldsituationInformationaboutthetargetandtarget
2,Calculateshootingparameters,provideshootingassistancedecision-making
3,Controlthefiringoffirepowerweapons,evaluatetheshootingeffect
Classification
1.Accordingtopurpose:shipsurfacefirecontrolsystem,aviationfirecontrolsystem,groundfirecontrolsystem
2,accordingtomethod:analog,digital
3.Accordingtothetypesofweapons:firecontrolsystemsforlightweapons,firecontrolsystemsforheavyweapons,armoredfirecontrolsystems,etc.
Systemcomponents
ShootingvariouselementsItistheazimuthandfiringangleoftheweaponbarrelorlaunchtrajectorythatcansendthewarhead(warhead)tothetargetarea.Forwarheadswithtimefuzes,therearealsofuzedivisions.GuidedweaponsandunderwaterweaponsmayalsoincludeGuidancedistance,steeringangle,setdepthanddivergenceangle.Itisthecoretaskoftheweaponfirecontrolsystemtofindouttheshootingelementsaccuratelyandinrealtime.
TargetsearchandidentificationUsingobservationequipmenttosearchfortargetsisthefirsttaskofthefirecontrolsystem.Thecommonlyusedobservationequipmentinthefirecontrolsystemincludesradar,opticalorlaserrangefinder,infraredorlow-lightnightvision,battlefieldreconnaissanceTV,soundmeasuringequipment,sonar,etc.Forfixedtargets,mapsandaerial(orsatellite)photoscanalsobeused.Aftersearchingforthetarget,thetargettype(vehicles,aircraft,missiles,ships,weapons,personnel,etc.),model,quantity,andattributesoffriendorfoeshouldbefurtheridentified.Theapplicationofimagerecognitiontechnologyhasautomatedtargetrecognition,andthemosteffectivedeviceforfriendorfoeidentificationistheelectronicfriendorfoeidentifier.
TargetparametermeasurementTargetparametersincludetargetpositionparametersandmotionparameters.Targetpositionparametersrefertothecoordinatesofthetargetrelativetothegeographiccoordinatesystemortheobservationcoordinatesystem,suchasdistance,azimuth,highandlowangle,etc.;targetmotionparametersincludespeed,heading,shipangle,acceleration,etc.,whichareusedtoobtainshootingDatathatisindispensabletothemeta.Observationequipmentusedfortargetparametermeasurementshouldhavehighaccuracy.Theyaremostlyusedtodeterminethepositionofthetarget.EquipmentusingtheDopplereffectcanalsodeterminethelongitudinalvelocityofthetargetrelativetotheobservationequipment.Formovingtargets,theobservationequipmentmustalsotrackthetargetinrealtime,measureaseriesoftargetparametervalues,andprovideconditionsforusingthesemeasuredvaluestoestimatethecurrentinstantaneouspositionandmotionparametersofthetarget.
MeteorologicalandballisticconditionmeasurementThemeteorologicalparameterssuchastemperature,airpressure,windspeed,winddirectionandballisticconditionparameterssuchastheinitialvelocitydeviationoftheprojectile,thetemperatureoftheprojectile,thedeviationoftheprojectileweight,etc.willallproducetheactualtrajectoryTheimpactmustbemeasuredintimesothatitcanbetakenintoaccountwhensolvingtheshootingelements.Theweightdeviationoftheprojectilecanbemeasuredbytherootgauge,barometer,anemometer,andprojectilemuzzlevelocitymeasuringinstrument.Meteorologicalradarandprojectilevelocitymeasurementradararemoreadvancedmeteorologicalandballisticconditionmeasurementequipment.Sincemeteorologicalconditionsaffecttheentiretrajectory,therelevantmeteorologicalmeasurementpointsshouldcovertheentiretrajectory.Fornavalunderwaterweapons,hydrologicalfactorssuchaswavesandoceancurrentsarealsomeasured.
CarrierMotionparametermeasurementThethreetranslationaldegreesoffreedomand3Thisrotationdegreeoffreedombothdeterioratestheobservationconditionsandchangestheballisticparameters.Themotionparametersthatseriouslyaffecttheshootingeffectshouldbemeasured,andtheobservationequipment,weaponbarrelorlaunchershouldbemadetomovewiththesamemagnitudeandoppositedirectionrelativetoitscarrier,orbecorrectedwhensolvingtheshootingelementstomaketheshootingOrthrowasfaraspossiblenottobeaffectedbythemovementofthecarrier.Thefirecontrolsystemusedforaimingandlaunchinginmotionisusuallyequippedwithathree-degree-of-freedomortwo-degree-of-freedomgyrosysteminordertotimelymeasurethethreeattitudeangles(pitch,yaw,andtilt)orangularvelocityofthecarrier.Forhigh-speedmovingvehicles(suchasairplanes,ships,etc.),thereisalsoaspeedmeasuringdeviceformeasuringthemovingspeedofthevehicle.Forfirecontrolsystemsthatrequireveryhighfiringaccuracy,suchastheshort-rangeanti-missileanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystem,itisnotonlyrequiredtomeasurethreeattitudeanglesorangularvelocities,butalsotomeasurethespeedofheave,lateralandlongitudinalmovements,andevenconsiderTheelasticdeformationofthecarrier.
MissingtargetmeasurementDuetotheinfluenceofvariousrandomfactorsthataredifficulttocontrolandcorrect,thefirstshotorthefirstgroupofwarheadsmaymissthetarget.Atthistime,theamountofmissshouldbemeasured,andthemeasuredamountofmissshouldbeusedtocorrecttheshootingelements.Thisisthecalibration.Forfixedtargetsorslow-movingtargetsrelativetotheweaponsystem,allequipmentthatcanobservetheexplosionpointandestimatethedeviationoftheexplosionpointfromthetargetcancompletethecalibrationtask.Theartillerycalibrationradarcanestimatethepointofimpactofthewarheadwithintheeffectiveareaofitslobe,anditisanadvancedcalibrationtool.Whenshootingathigh-speedtargetssuchasairplanesormissiles,itisnecessarytosimultaneouslytrackandmeasurethecoordinatesofthetargetandthewarheadovertime.Phasedarrayradarisanadvancedtooltoachievethismeasurement.
DataprocessingModernfirecontrolsystemsmainlyusedigitalelectroniccomputerstocompletedataprocessing.Thiskindofcomputeriscalledafirecontrolcomputer,andisoftencalledacommander.Itisthecorecomponentofthefirecontrolsystem.Itstaskistostorealldataandinformationrelatedtothetarget,missdistance,meteorologicalconditions,ballisticconditions,andcarriermotionparameters;calculatethecurrentinstantaneoustargetpositionandmotionparameters;accordingtotheballisticequationunderactualcombatconditionsorstoreitinfirecontrolTheshootingtableinthecomputercalculatesthecoordinatesofthehitpoint,calculatestheshootingelements;correctstheshootingelementsaccordingtothepastmisses;evaluatestheshootingeffect,etc.Itspurposeistooutputcontrolinstructionstothedisplaydeviceandthefollow-upsystem,oroutputcontrolinstructionstotheautopilot.
WeaponlaunchcontrolThepurposeistocontroltheweapontoreachthecorrectshootingpositionandshootinapredeterminedway.Inordertogivetheweaponshootingelements,hydraulicorelectromechanicalfollow-upsystemsareusuallyusedtocontroltheweapon'sfiringangle,azimuthangle,andfuzedivisionstomakethemconsistentwiththeoutputvalueofthefirecontrolcomputer.Whentheweaponiscompletelyorpartiallyfixedtothecarrier,forexample,thebarreloftheairborneartilleryandthelaunchtrackofthebombarecompletelyfixedtotheaircraft,andtheazimuthangleofsomelarge-caliberself-propelledartilleryisthesameasthatofthevehiclebody.Atthistime,thefirecontrolcomputerTheoutputinformationshouldbesenttotheautomaticcontrolmechanismtodrivethecarriertomoveinadirectionthatenablesthewarheadtohitthetarget.
Systemcontrol,informationdisplayandtransmissionInordertogivefullplaytothesubjectiveinitiativeofcommandandoperationpersonnel,thefirecontrolsystemisequippedwithasystemcontroloperationanddisplaypanel,whichhasagoodman-machineOperationinterface.
Thetypeandscaleofthefunctionalmodulesofthefirecontrolsystemaredesignedandequippedaccordingtothecharacteristicsandapplicationenvironmentoftheweaponstheycontrol.Forexample,thefirecontrolsystemofaweaponusedtostopfiringdoesnotneedtohavethefunctionofmeasuringthemovementparametersofthecarrier;inordertoreduceweightandreducethecost,someartillery,especiallysmallandmedium-calibergroundartillery,areoftennotequippedwithafollow-upsystem,andThegunner’sfiringelementsaresetontheartilleryaccordingtothefirecontrolcomputer;theanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystem,becauseofthesimultaneoustrackingoffasttargetsandobservationofhigh-speedprojectiles,theequipmentandtechnologyarecomplicatedandexpensive.Automaticcalibration;thefirecontrolsystemoftherevolvingtubeartilleryandthemulti-loadedartilleryoftheshort-rangeanti-missile.Inordertoensurethehitrateoftheweapon,mostofthemissedtargetsareautomaticallydetectedtoformalargeclosed-loopfirecontrolsystemforautomaticcalibration.Inordertomakeuseoftheadvantagesofdifferentobservationequipment,ensurethattherequiredinformationcanbeobtainedinvariousenvironments,andimprovetheirmobilityonthebattlefield,multipleobservationequipmentareoftenassembledinthesamecarriertoformcorrespondingreconnaissancevehicles,Reconnaissanceaircraft,aerialmooringplatformsandotherequipment.Meteorologicalobservationstations(vehiclesandships)alsointegratevariousmeteorologicalobservationequipmenttocompletelarge-scalemeteorologicalobservationandnotificationtasks.Althoughthesereconnaissanceorobservationvehicles,ships,andairplanescarryingavarietyofequipmenthavetocompletethetasksundertakeninthefirecontrolsystem,theyconstituteaweaponequipmentsystemindependentofthefirecontrolsystem.
Thecontrolofweaponshooting,fromthefirstsightandmeterusedatfirst,tothelatermorecomplexsightingdevice,allrelyonhumaneyeobservationandmanualoperation.Automatedfirecontrolsystemswerenotfirstusedinanti-aircraftgunfiringcontroluntilWorldWarII.Theanti-aircraftgunfirecontrolsystematthattimeusedradarandopticalrangefinderstosearchandtracktargets,electromechanicalanalogcomputersfordataprocessing,follow-upsystemstodrivetheartillery,andsynchronizedtransmissiondevicestoconnecttheabove-mentionedpartsintoanautomatedairdefensecomplex.Afterthewar,digitalcomputersreplacedanalogcomputers,greatlyimprovingthefunctionofthefirecontrolsystem.Frombeingabletocontrolonlyasingleweaponormultipleidenticalweaponstoshootatthesametargetwiththesameelements,itdevelopedtobeingabletocontrolmanydifferenttypesofweapons.Plantoshootmultipletargetswithdifferentelements.WiththedevelopmentofVLSIdigitalcomputers,suchasthedisplayofbattlefieldsituation,theformulationofcombatplans,theidentificationandselectionoftargets,thedistributionoffirepower,thedeterminationofammunitionconsumption,theevaluationofshootingeffects,themanagementofcommunicationsandtheprocessingofinformationTheabove-mentionedfirecontrolandotherproblemscanallbesolvedinthesamecomputersystem.Modernweaponfirecontrolsystemshavedevelopedintoanimportantpartofthecommand,control,communicationsandintelligence(C3I)system.
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