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Internet Data Center



Introduction

Withtheriseofe-commerce,businessuserswillprocessmoreandmorebusinessthroughtheInternetorIntranet,whichallowscompaniestobettersavecostsandimproveefficient.However,ifanenterprisebuildssuchaplatformonitsown,itneedstobuilditsowncomputerroom,buildasystem,andhirealotofdevelopersandmaintenancepersonnel,whichnotonlyrequiresalargeamountofcapitalinvestment,butalsoitisdifficulttoachieveprofessional-levelservicequality.IDCcanprovideenterpriseswiththisseriesofsupport,eliminatingtheworriesofenterprises.

ThemainobjectsofIDCservicesinclude:largemultinationalcorporations,Internetserviceproviders,Internetcontentproviders,e-commerceserviceproviders,applicationsoftwareserviceproviders,systemintegrationproviders,multimediaserviceproviders,Websitedesignandhostingprovider.

ThedevelopmentofIDChasgonethroughthreedifferentstages:thefirst-generationdatacenteronlyprovidesbasichostingservicessuchasvenueandbandwidth;thesecond-generationdatacenterusesvalue-addedservicesande-commerceasitsservicesThecoreofthethird-generationdatacentercanprovideintegratedhostingservices,whichcanintegrateInternetinformation,telephoneinformation,andfaxinformationinrealtime,andthenprovidethemtocustomersinthemostacceptableway.Inthisway,thethird-generationdatacenterhasactuallybecomeanetworkservicecenter.

Features

AgoodIDCshouldhavethefollowingfeatures.

·Ithastheinfrastructuretomeettheneedsofwebsitesystemhostingoutsourcingservices.ThisfacilityincludesstableandreliablebroadbandInternetaccessandasafeandreliablecarrier-classcomputerroomenvironment.

·Withtheabilitytoprovidehigh-qualityvalue-addedservices,includingsystemmaintenance(suchassystemconfiguration,softwareinstallation,databackup,troubleshooting,etc.);managedservices(suchasbandwidthmanagement,trafficanalysis,intrusiondetection,Systemvulnerabilitydiagnosis,databackup,loadbalancing,Cacheservices,etc.);supportservices(suchastechnicalsupporthotlines,etc.);integratedservices(suchasprovidingdatacenters,integratedcommunicationsandITprofessionalservicesforfullyintegratedservices,etc.),etc.

·Havetheabilitytoprovidehigh-speednetworkinterconnection,allowingusersfromanynetworktoaccessotheroperatingnetworksathighspeed.Atthesametime,throughthehigh-qualityservicesprovided,thegeographicalrestrictionsofIDCusersarebasicallydownplayed(forexample,awebsitelocatedinShanghaicanalsobeusedforinter-regionalhostingservicesinIDCinBeijing).

·EnableuserstouseIDCservicestogreatlyreducetheirownoperatingcosts.

·Signacompleteservicelevelagreement(SLA)withusers.

ServiceProviders

IDCserviceproviderscanbedividedintotwocategories:telecomoperatorsandprivateserviceproviders.

TelecomoperatorscanbedividedintotraditionaltelecomoperatorssuchasChinaTelecomCorporation.

Forprivateserviceproviders,itcanbedividedintoindependentIDCserviceproviderssuchas21Vianet;integratedIDCserviceproviderssuchas263Group;systemintegratorIDCsuchasTsinghuaWanbo.Thereisacompetitiverelationshipbetweenprivateandtelecommunications,betweentelecommunicationsandtelecommunications,andbetweenprivateandprivatesectors.Inthecompetitionbetweenprivatesectorandtelecommunications,privatesectorreliesontechnologyandservices,andtelecommunicationsreliesonresources.Iftelecommunicationscandoagoodjobofresources,technology,andservices,theprivatelifemaybeunsustainable.

Developmentsituation

Fromtheperspectiveofpracticaldevelopment,theIDCmarketjustemergedbefore1999isnotwellknown,butitsuddenlyheatedupin2000,andtelecomoperatorsandITgiantsjoinedoneafteranother.compete.Traditionaltelecomoperators,suchasAT&TandBT,announcedinApril2000thattheywouldjointlyinvestUS$2billiontobuild44globallynetworkedIDCs,coveringtheAsia-Pacificregion;newtelecomoperators,suchasQwestandGlobalCrossing,ProposedplanstobuildIDCsinHongKongandJapan;internationallyrenownedITvendorssuchasIBMandIntelalsoannouncedtheirIDCdevelopmentplans.Forexample,thelatterannouncedin2000thatitwouldinvest1billionto2billioninthenextfouryearsUSdollarstobuildthenextgenerationIDC.Inaddition,well-knownISPandICPcompaniesarenottobeleftalone.Forexample,AOLalsoannouncedthatitwouldopenIDCinTokyothatyear,andsoon.

ThedomesticIDCmarkethasalsobeenextremelyhotsince2000.AdomesticprofessionalconsultingcompanypredictsthatChina'sIDCmarketwillreachascaleofnearlyRMB5billionby2003.EspeciallywhentheInternetindustryhaslittleroomforrevenuegrowth,ithasattractedmanycompaniestostepintothisfieldintheshortterm.Joiningthemarketcompetitionincludesseveralforces.OneisagroupofcompanieswithInternetcompanybackgroundssuchas21Vianet,ChinaInternet,andCapitalOnline;thesecondisChinaTelecom,ChinaUnicom,Netcomandotheroperators;thethirdisTsinghuaWanboandZhongguancun.TechnologyandothercompaniesthatrelyonITtechnology;fourth,investmentcompaniessuchasCapitalandYingdong,andlatercompanieswithrealestateinvestmentbackgrounds.Inaddition,IDCcompaniesoverseasarealsopreparingtoenterthismarket.However,withthedisappearanceoftheInternetindustrybubble,IDCandthecustodymarketarealsofacingtheproblemsofoversupply,limitedmarketdemandandviciouscompetition.

History

Datacenterisanetworkofspecificdevicesthatcooperateglobally,whichisusedtotransmit,accelerate,display,calculate,andstoredataandinformationontheinternetnetworkinfrastructure.

Datacentershavetheirrootsintheearlycomputingindustryinhugerooms.Theoperationandmaintenanceofearlycomputersystemswerecomplicatedandrequiredaspecialenvironmenttooperate.Connectingallthecomponentsrequiresalotofcables,whichinturncreatesmethodsofsupplyandorganization,suchasstandardrackstohouseequipment,raisedfloors,andcabletrays(mountedoverheadorunderraisedfloors).Similarly,oldcomputersrequirealotofpowerandhavetobecooledtopreventoverheating.Securityisveryimportant-computersareveryexpensiveandareoftenusedformilitarypurposes.Therefore,thebasicdesignguidelinesforcontrollingaccesstocomputerroomshaveemerged.

Intheprosperousmicrocomputerindustry,especiallyinthe1980s,computersbegantodevelopeverywhere,andinmanycasestherewaslittleornooperationalrequirements.However,withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology(IT),operationsbegantobecomecomplicated,andcompaniesgraduallyrealizedtheneedtocontrolITresources.Withtheadventofclient-servercomputing,inthe1990smicrocomputers(calledservers)begantofindtheirplaceinoldcomputerrooms.Theavailabilityofcheapnetworkequipment,coupledwiththenewstandardofnetworkcables,makesitpossibletousealayereddesigntoplaceserversinaroomwithinthecompany,whichisrecognizedatthismomentandcontinuestobepopular.

Theprosperityofthedatacenteriscominginthedot-combubble.ThecompanyneedsafastInternetconnection,aswellascontinuousdeploymentofthesystemandappearontheInternet.Installingthiskindofequipmentisnotfeasibleformanysmallcompanies.Manycompanieshavebeguntocreateverylargedevices,calledInternetDataCenters(IDCs),whichprovidesolutionsforcommercialsystemdeploymentandoperation.Newtechnologiesandpracticesaredesignedtohandlethemeasurementandtheoperationaldemandsofsuchahugemeasurementoperation.

Since2007,datacenterdesign,construction,andoperationhavebeenawell-knowndiscipline.Thestandarddocumentcomesfromatrustedexpertgroup,suchastheTelecommunicationsIndustryFederation,whichspecifiestherequirementsfordatacenterdesign.Itiswellknownthatoperationalprosodyofdatacenteravailabilitycanbeusedtoassesstheimpactofbusinessinterruptions.Manydevelopmentshavebeencompletedinoperationalpractice,andanenvironment-friendlydatacenterhasbeendesigned.

Theneedsofmoderndatacenters

ITbusinessisoneofthemostcriticalaspectsofthebusinessofmostorganizations.Oneofthemainconcernsisbusinesscontinuity;companiesrelyontheirinformationsystemstoruntheirbusinesses.Ifasystembecomesunavailable,companyoperationsmaybeweakenedorcompletelystopped.ItisnecessarytoensureareliableinfrastructureorganizationforITbusinessandminimizethepossibilityofdamage.Informationsecurityisalsoaconcern.Forthisreason,adatacenterhastoprovideasecureenvironmenttoensurethatthepossibilityofasecuritybreachisminimized.Adatacentermustmaintainhighstandardsfortheintegrityandfunctionalityofitshostenvironment.Thisisaccomplishedbydoubleredundantfiberopticcablesandemergencybackuppowergeneration.

DataCenterClassification

AnunderwaterdatacenterbuiltbyanenterpriseinZhuhai

ThedatacenterinfrastructureisdescribedinTIA-942:DataCenterStandardsOverviewClassclassification.Accordingtotheinformationfault-tolerantequipmentandnetworkdesign,fromthefirstlevel(Tier1)ofthesimplestfault-tolerantdesign,thesecondlevelwhereasinglenetworkandindividualdeviceshavefault-tolerantconfiguration,andthethirdlevelwheredualnetworkbackupbutonlysingleoperation,toThefourthlevel(Tier4)withcompleteoverlapfaulttoleranceandsimultaneousoperationofmultiplenetworks.Atpresent,thenewlarge-scaledatacentersareallfourth-level,designedwithacompleteoverlappingnetworkanddividedsecurityareas,andprovidesufficientbackupandbackupcapacitytoensuretheuninterruptedandsafeoperationofthedatacenter.

Inaddition,inANSI/BICSI002-2014(DataCenterDesignandImplementationBestPractices),datacenterreliabilityandavailability(ReliabilityandAvailability)aredividedintolevel0tolevel4.

Differenttypesofdatacenterswillhavedifferentdesignconsiderations,startingfromthechoiceoflocation,toexternalpowerdeliveryrequirements,physicallayout,coolingsystem(airconditioning)considerations,internalpowersupplysystemdesign,firepreventionandshockresistanceThedesignofnaturaldisasters,securityprotection,etc.allneedtobeconsideredanddecidedbeforestartingtobuildadatacenter.[3]

Physicallayout

Adatacenteroccupiesoneroom,oneormorefloors,oreventheentirebuildinginabuilding.Mostoftheequipmentisoftenplacedinrackswith19-inchcompartments.Theseracksareplacedinrowstoformacorridor.Thisallowspeopletoaccessthecompartmentfromthefrontorback.Serversvarygreatlyinsizefrom1Userverstostoragedevicesinindependentsilos,andstoragedevicestakeupalotoffloortiles.Someequipment,suchasmainframecomputersandstoragedevices,areoftenaslargeastheirracksandplacednexttothem.Verylargedatacenterscanbeplacedincontainers,andeachcontainercanhold1,000ormoreservers;whenrepairsorupgradesareneeded,theentirecontainerwillbereplacedinsteadofasingleserver.Locallycompiledcodecancontroltheminimumascent.

Thephysicalenvironmentofthedatacenterisstrictlycontrolled:

Airconditioning

  • Airconditioningcontrolsthetemperatureandhumidityofthedatacenter.ASHRAE's"ThermalGuidelinesforDataProcessingEnvironments"recommendsatemperatureof18-27°Candahumidityof60%orless,withthebestconditionofthedatacenterat17°Casthemaximumupperlimit.Thepowersupplyheatstheairinthedatacenter.Unlesstheheatisremoved,thetemperaturewillcontinuetorise,causingthepowersupplytomalfunction.Bycontrollingtheairtemperature,theservercomponentsmaintainthetemperature/humidityrangespecifiedbythemanufacturerontheshelflevel.Theair-conditioningsystemhelpscontrolhumiditybycoolingtheairinthespacebelowthedewpointbackandforth.Ifitistoowet,thewaterstartstoconcentrateontheinternalcomponents.Iftheairisdry,theauxiliaryhumiditysystemwillincreasewatervapor.Ifthehumidityistoolow,itwillcauseelectrostaticdischargeproblems,whichwilldamagethecomponents.Anundergrounddatacentercancostlessandkeepcomputerequipmentcoolcomparedtoconventionaldesigns.

  • Moderndatacenterstrytouseeconomizingequipmentforcooling,wheretheyuseoutsideairtoensuredatacentercooling.ThereareseveraldatacentersinWashingtonStatethatuseoutsideairtocoolallserversfor11monthsayear.Nochillersorairconditionersareused,savingmillionsinelectricitybills.

Powersupply

Asetofbatteriesinalargedatacenterareusedtoprovideelectricityuntilthedieselgeneratorcanbestarted.

  • Thebackuppowersupplyconsistsofoneormoreuninterruptiblepowersuppliesand/ordieselorgasgenerators.[4]

  • Inordertopreventasinglepointoffailure,allelectricalsystemelements,includingbackupsystems,aretypicallyfullyreplicated,andcriticalserversareconnectedTwopowersupply("A-Side"and"B-Side")areas.ThisarrangementisoftenusedtocompletetheN+1redundancyofthesystem.Staticswitchesaresometimesusedtoensureinstantaneousswitchingfromonetoanotherintheeventofapowerfailure.

  • Datacenterstypicallyuse60cm(2feet)elevatedgroundandmovablebricks.Thecurrenttrendis80to100cm(31to39inches),andtheincreaseinfreespaceistobetterensureaircirculation.Thissupplyisforthefullcirculationofairunderground,aspartoftheconditioningsystem,andalsotoprovidespaceforpowercables.Thedatacablesinmoderndatacentersaretypicallyoverheadcables.Butsomeputthemunderthefloorforsafetyreasons,anditisnecessarytoaddacoolingsystemontheshelf.Smaller/lessexpensivedatacentersdonotraisethegroundbutinsteadusestatictilesonthegroundinstead.Computercablesareoftenplacedincorridorstoensuremaximumairflowefficiency.

Fireprevention

FM200fireextinguishingsystemstoragetank.

  • Afeatureofthedatacenteristhefireprotectionsystem,whichincludespassiveandactivedesignelements,aswellastheexecutionoffireprotectionproceduresinthebusiness.Smokedetectorswillbeinstalled,itcandetectthesourceofthesmokegeneratedbythesimmerbeforethereisaflame,andsendoutanalarm.Thisallowsinvestigations,interruptsthepowersupply,andenablespeopletouseafireextinguishertoputoutthefirebeforeitgetsbigger.Anautomaticsprinklersystemisoftenusedtocontrolthedevelopmentofafireintoawiderangeoffires.Incontrasttosprinklersystems,event-clearinggassystemsaresometimesinstalledforearlyfires.Passivefireprotectionelementsincludefirewallsaroundthedatacenter,sothefirecanbeeasilycontrolledwithinacertainrangeifthefireprotectionsystemfailsorisnotinstalled.

Security

  • Physicalsecurityalsoplaysabigroleinthedatacenter.Thephysicalaccesslocationisoftenrestrictedtoselectedpersonnelandincludessecuritycontrolsystems.Videosurveillanceandpermanentsecurityguardsareoftenusedinlargedatacentersordatacentersthatcontainconfidentialinformation.

MobileDataCenter

IBM’sPortableModularDataCenter.

Currently,onlinecommerce,search,andcloudcomputingcompaniesneedtobefastDeployingdatacenters,ordisasterrecoveryapplications,somanufacturershavedevelopedmobiledatacenter(English:PortableDataCenter)solutions,whichcanloadserversandotherequipmentintocontainers,andcanquicklymovethedatacenterandinstallandoperateinashorttime.

Themanufacturersandproductsthatproducemobiledatacentersinclude:

  • Google'sGoogleModularDataCenter[5][6][7]

  • SunModularDatacenterofSunMicrosystems[8],

  • IBM'sPortableModularDataCenter[9]

  • ContainerizedofCiscoSystemsDataCenter

  • HP'sPerformanceOptimizedDatacenter

  • Huawei'sContainerDataCenterSolution[10]

  • Amazon'sAWSSnowmobile[11]

Application

Themainpurposeofadatacenteristorunapplicationstoprocessbusinessandoperationalorganizationdata.Suchsystemsbelongtoandaredevelopedinternallybytheorganization,orboughtfromenterprisesoftwarevendors.Likegeneralapplications,thereareERPandCRMsystems.

Adatacentermayonlyfocusontheoperatingarchitecture,ormayalsoprovideotherservices.Oftentheseapplicationsarecomposedofmultiplehosts,andeachhostrunsasinglecomponent.Usuallysuchcomponentsaredatabases,fileservers,applicationservers,middleware,andvariousotherthings.

Datacentersarealsooftenusedforbackupofnon-workingsites.Thecompanymaybookservicesprovidedbythedatacenter.Thisisoftenusedinconjunctionwithbackuptapes.Backupscanputthingslocaltotheserverontapes.However,tapestoragesitesarealsovulnerabletofireandfloodsafetythreats.Largercompaniesmaysendtheirbackupstonon-workplaces.Thiscanbedonebythedatacenterthroughreturninvestment.TheencryptedbackupcanbesenttoanotherdatacenterviatheInternetforsafestorage.

Releasereport

In2021,IDCreleasedthe"ChinaPublicCloudServiceMarket(Q42020)Tracking"report,showingthatthesizeofChina'sIaaSmarketinthefourthquarterof2020willbe3.49billionIntheUSdollar,AlibabaCloudstilloccupiesthenumberonemarketshare,HuaweiandTencentaretiedforsecondplace,followedbyChinaTelecomandAWS.

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