Home Technique linguistics

linguistics



Basicintroduction

Linguisticsisthescienceoflanguageresearch.Theobjectofitsresearchishumanlanguage,anditstaskistostudyanddescribethestructure,functionandhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage,revealtheessenceoflanguage,andexplorethecommonlawsoflanguage.

Relatedclassifications

Linguisticsinabroadsenseincludeslinguistics.Thestudyoflanguageinacertainperiodoftimeiscalledsynchroniclinguistics;thestudyoflanguagechangesindifferentperiodsiscalledDiachroniclinguistics;comprehensiveresearchonmultiplelanguages,tryingtofindcommonrulesamongthem,calledgenerallinguistics;applyinglinguisticknowledgetopracticalwork,calledappliedlinguistics;tracingcertainlanguages​​throughthecomparisonofphoneticsandmorphologyThekinshipofthetwolanguages​​iscalledhistoricalcomparativelinguistics;theuseofcomparativemethodstodiscoversomecommonphenomenainvarioushumanlanguages​​iscalledtypelinguistics;thecomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwolanguages​​inordertosolveteachingortranslationproblemsiscalledcontrastivelinguistics.

Languagehasfivecommonmeanings:(1)Theactofutteringaspecificsentenceinaspecificcontext;(2)Thespecificspeakingstyleofaspecificspeaker,alsocalledidiolect;(3)Referstoaspecificvariantoflanguage;(4)Referstotheabstractsystemextractedfromthespeechact;(5)Theabstractsystemwithcommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages.

Thesubjectsofphonetics,grammar,vocabulary,andwritingallfocusonthestructureoflanguageitself,whichisthecenteroflinguistics.Somepeoplecallitmicro-linguistics.

Theresearchonthephysicalpropertiesofspeech,humanpronunciationmethods,andthephysiologicalprocessesofspeechperceptionisphonetics.

Thestudyofhowmanydifferentsoundsalanguagehas,andhowtheyaredifferentandrelatedtoeachotherisphonologyorphonology.

Theresearchonthewayofwordformationandinflectionismorphology,alsocalledmorphology;theresearchonhowtocomposewordsintophrasesorsentencesisthestudyofsentenceformation,alsocalledsyntax.Accordingtotraditionalgrammar,thecombinationofmorphologyandsentencemakingisgrammar.

Theresearchofvocabularyitems,lexicalmeaning,andwordevolutionislexicology;thesourceandhistoryofwordsaretracedbacktoetymology;theonethatcollectsmanylexicalitems,classifies,compares,andannotatesthemislexicology.

Tostudytherelationshipbetweentermsandconceptsandreferents,tofigureoutthesimilaritiesanddifferences,prosandcons,upperandlower,andcrossrelationsofvariouswordmeanings,andtoanalyzethemeaningoftheentiresentenceorsomeofitscomponents.Thisissemantics.Thedisciplinethatstudiestheshape,system,origin,evolutionanddevelopmentofcharactersisphilology.

History

Thehistoryoflinguisticsisveryold.Theearliestlanguageresearchofmankindbeganwiththeinterpretationofancientdocuments,andthestudyoflanguageforthepurposeofstudyingphilosophy,historyandliterature.DuringtheHanDynasty,Chinaproducedelementaryschools,includingwriting,phonologyandexegesis.InIndiaandGreece,grammarwasestablishedfromthe4thtothe3rdcenturyBC.Modernlinguisticswasestablishedintheearly18thcentury.AsWesternlinguistsdiscoveredthesimilaritiesbetweenIndo-Europeanlanguages​​andSanskrit,historicalcomparativelinguisticscameintobeing,whichaimedtofindtheoriginallanguageofvariouslanguages.

Role

Languageisauniquewayofcommunicationforhumanbeings.Itreflectsthehighlyevolvedmentalabilitiesofhumanbeingsonthebiologicalorpsychologicallevel,andreflectstheprogressofhumancivilizationonthesocialandculturallevel.Linguisticsistostudythecoreinstinctofhumanlanguageability,throughtheanalysisandresearchofspokenlanguage,writtenlanguageandevensignlanguage,andthenunderstandthenatureofhumanbeings.

Inadditiontounderstandingtheessenceofhumanlanguage,linguisticresearchalsohasavarietyofapplications.Intermsoflanguageeducation,throughtheunderstandingofthelanguageitself,variousdictionaries,grammarbooks,andtextbooksarecompiledforpeopletolearnthelanguage,whichalsohelpstoimprovetheabilitytodealwiththedifficultiesanderrorsencounteredintheprocessoflanguagelearning.Intermsoftranslationindifferentlanguages,linguistictheoryprovidesmorespecificguidancefortranslationandinterpretation,anditalsohelpstousetechnologyformachinetranslation.

Researchobjects

Themainresearchobjectsofmodernlinguisticsarelanguageandcharacters.Thejoboflinguisticsistostudy:

Languagestructure

Phonetic

Wordformation

Syntax

Semantic

Discoursechapter

Languageapplication

Pragmatics

Languagelearningandeducation

Translation

PrimarySchool

Linguistics

Phonology

Sub-disciplines

Linguisticshasmanysub-disciplines:

SynchronousLinguistics

DiachronicLinguistics

GeneralLinguisticsandMicro-Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

p>

Wordformation

Grammar

Semantics

Pragmatics

Lexicology

Dialectology

Rhetoric

Words

Etymology

Dictionary

Stylistics

ComparativeLinguistics

ComparativeHistoricalLinguistics

TypeLinguistics

ContrastiveLinguistics

ComparativeLinguistics

LanguageGeography

Sociolinguistics

Dialectology:DialectGeography

Stylistics

Psycholinguistics

CognitiveLinguistics

AppliedLinguistics

LanguageTeaching

FirstLanguageTeaching

SecondLanguageTeaching:EnglishTeaching

ForeignLanguageTeaching

DiscourseLinguistics

ExperimentalLinguistics

MathematicalLinguistics

AlgebraicLinguistics

StatisticalLinguistics

AppliedMathematicalLinguistics

ComputationalLinguistics

CorpusLinguisticsTranslationStudies

NetworkLinguistics

Neurolinguistics

ConcomitantLinguistics

HumanLinguistics

EthnicLinguistics

Phonology

Synonyms

Writing

InternationalLinguistics

Exegetics

ContextStudies

Biolinguistics

CosmoLinguistics

GeneralLinguistics

MainSchools

LinguisticSchool

NaturalSchool

NewGrammarSchool

SociologicalSchool

AestheticSchool

StructuralistSchool

FunctionalSchool

LanguageSchool

AmericanDescriptiveLinguisticSchool

InstitutionalSchool

IdealismSchool

CaseGrammarSchool(CaseGrammar)

RelationalGrammarSchool(RelationGrammar)

Formalism

GenerativeGrammar

GenerativeSemantics

Lexical-FunctionalGrammar

Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar

Cognitive-Functionalism

Head-DrivenPhraseStructureGrammar

Cognitive-Functionalism

p>

FunctionalGrammar

Systemicfunctionallinguistics

RoleandReferenceGrammar

CognitiveGrammar

FutureDevelopment

Asanancientdiscipline,themajoroflinguisticsisusedbytheChinesenationtounderstandChinesehistoryandstudyChinesecultureAtooltoimproveourownqualityhasextremelysignificanthumanisticandsocialsciencevalueforsocialdevelopment.Becauseofthis,accordingtosurveys,almost80%ofcollegesanduniversitieshaveestablishedlinguisticsmajorssincetheestablishmentoftheirschools,andtheyrecruitnewstudentsatasteadyrateeveryyear.Aconsiderablenumberofpeoplechooselinguisticsastheirmajorafterenteringtheuniversity.Itisafactrecognizedbythesocietythatmorethan90%ofpeoplebelievethatthelinguisticsmajorofnormalcollegeshasmoredevelopmentpotential.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyBei’anCollegeEntranceExaminationNetwork,in2004,theteachingprofessionhasbecomeoneofthemostpopularprofessions.Oneisthestabilityandautonomyofthejob,andtheotheristhatthesalaryofteachershasbeensteadilyimprovedinrecentyears,andtherehavebeengratifyingchanges.In2005,thedemandfornormalstudentswasstillverylarge.

Ingeneral,theestablishmentofthelanguageandliteraturemajorhasmanymeanings.Fromapracticalpointofview,thehighemploymentrateandabundantemploymentbenefitsoflinguisticsareenoughtoenableaconsiderablenumberofpeopletolivearelativelyprosperouslife.Atthesametime,thehardworkofworkersontheeducationfronthaseliminatedamajorproblemforthesociety.Somesocialinstabilityfactors;fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,duetothestrongatmosphereofChinesecultureandthestrongattractionofnationalspirit,sincetheinitialestablishmentofthelinguisticsmajor,itsgradualimprovementandrapiddevelopmentareobvioustoall.Becauseofthisinfluence,Chineselanguageandliteraturemajors,especiallylinguisticsmajorsinnormaluniversities,willsurelycreateabroaderdevelopmentspaceforstudentsinanincreasinglydiversifiedsocialenvironment.

Famouslinguist

Chineselinguist

GuYanwu(1613-1682),formerlynamedJiangJiang,withthewordZhongqing.AfterthedeathofMingDynasty,hechangedhisnametoYanwu,withthewordNingren,andalsosignedJiangShan'sservant.ThescholarrespectsMr.Tinglin.AnativeofKunshan,Jiangsu.Awell-knownthinker,historian,andlinguistinthelateMingandearlyQingdynasties.Hehasmadegreatcontributionstothecountry.HeparticipatedinthestruggleagainsttheQingDynastyandlaterdevotedhimselftoacademicresearch.Inhislateryears,hefocusedonthetextualresearchofConfucianclassics,andeditedtheancientpronunciation,dividedinto10ancientrhymes.Theauthorof"Rizhilu","FiveBooksofPhonology",etc.,hewasthepioneerofancientrhymeintheQingDynasty,andhehasmademanyachievements;healsocontributedtothestudyofrhyme,butnotasmuchashiscontributiontothestudyofancientrhyme.ThegreatestfeatureofGuTinglin’sacademicstudiesistheidealisticmetaphysicsthatcontradictstheSong-MingNeo-Confucianism,whileemphasizingobjectiveinvestigationandresearch,creatinganewgenerationofnewstyles,andproposing"agentlemanlearnsbyunderstandingthewayandsavingtheworld.Itisonlybypoetry.That'sit,howgoodistheso-calledcarvingandsealcarving?"

LiLinsi(1896-1970),formerlyknownasLiJiaxiang,anativeofHangzhou,Zhejiang,wasadirectdescendantofLiE,awell-knownwriterintheQingDynasty,andafamousmodernlinguist.Inhisearlyyears,hestudiedinJapanandGermanyformorethantenyears,andobtainedamaster'sdegreeinlawfromtheUniversityofJenainGermanyandadoctorateinphilosophyfromtheUniversityofHeidelberg.HehasasolidfoundationinChinesestudiesandisproficientinGerman,Japanese,Englishandotherlanguages.Hehasintroducedandtranslatedandpublishedalargenumberofforeignbooksandfilmandtelevisionworks.Atthesametime,hehasintroducedChina'sexcellenttraditionalculturetotheWesternworld.DuringhistenureasaprofessoratNationalCentralUniversity,JinanUniversity,andShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,hetrainedalargenumberoftalentsforthecountry.HealsotranslatedandintroducedalargenumberofJapaneseandGermanmilitaryworks,andmadeimportantcontributionstothevictoryoftheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan.

Westernlinguist

NoamChomsky,themostfamouscontemporaryAmericanlinguist,MITprofessor,founderofstructuralgenerativegrammar,hasaprofoundinfluenceHehaswrittenlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,andcomputerscience.HeisalsoadecisivefigureincontemporaryWesternintellectualsopposinghegemonism.Hehaswrittenalargenumberofpoliticalessaysandworks.Whenevertheinternationalpoliticallandscapeundergoesmajorchanges,Westernintellectualsoften"LookuptoChomsky",andhehasrepeatedlymadelandmarkspeechesatthesemoments.After"September11",Chomskyacceptedinterviewsfromalmostallfamousmediaintheworld,andhisuniversitylecturesalsoattractedhundredsofmetersofticket-collectingteams.

EdwardSapir,anAmericanlinguist.Firth(J·R·Firth)wasthefirstlinguistinBritain.Heacceptedtheideaof​​"languageenvironment"anddevelopeditintoa"system"ideainlanguageresearch."System"thoughtlaterbecameamajorfeatureofBritishlinguistics.

SwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913)isanimportantfounderofmodernlinguisticsandoneofthepioneersofstructuralism.Heiscalledthefatherofmodernlinguisticsandtheoriginatorofstructuralismbylatergenerations."CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale"(CoursdeLinguistiqueGenerale)isSaussure'srepresentativework,whichembodieshisbasiclinguisticideasandhasaprofoundinfluenceonmodernlinguisticresearchinthe20thcentury.Atthesametime,duetothegeneralityandprofoundnessofitsresearchperspectiveandmethodology,theideasinthebookhavebecomeanimportantsourceofthoughtforstructuralism,animportantphilosophicalschoolinthe20thcentury.

This article is from the network, does not represent the position of this station. Please indicate the origin of reprint
TOP