Basicdefinition
Generaldefinition
Philosophyisthebeautyoforder
Philosophyisthesubjectofresearchonbasicanduniversalissues,generallywithAstrictlogicalsystemoftheuniverseview,whichstudiessomeverybasicissuessuchasthenatureoftheuniverse,thepositionofpeopleintheuniverse,andsoon.
Humanbeingshaveaprocessofcognitionofthings,andthisprocessisalways:fromperceivingtheconcretetounderstandingtheabstract,andthenrationallyunderstandingtheabstractconcrete."Theabstractandconcretenessofreasonandknowledge"iscommonlyreferredtoas"wisdom"or"philosophicalknowledge."Furthermore,variousphilosophicalknowledgeformsatheoreticalsystem,whichleadsto"philosophy"or"thescienceofwisdom".Toexpressthisprocessinacategoricalformis:philosophicalknowledge{perception/cognition},system{individual/relationship};philosophy{philosophicalknowledge/system}.
Accordingtoitsetymology,itmeans"seekingwisdom"."Zhe"originatedveryearlyanditshistoryislong.Wordssuchas"thetenphilosophersofConfucius","theancientsagephilosophers","philosophers"or"philosophers"referspecificallytothosewhoaregoodatspeculationandprofoundknowledge,thatis,theWestissimilarto"philosophers"and"thinkers".ItisgenerallybelievedthatChinesephilosophyoriginatedintheEasternZhouDynasty,representedbyConfucianismofConfucius,TaoismofLaozi,MohismofMozi,andlaterLegalists.Infact,intheprevious"BookofChanges",philosophicalissueshavealreadybeguntobediscussed.
Thedefinitionofphilosophybyphilosophers
Thedefinitionofphilosophyhasalwaysbeencontroversial.Thiscontroversyhascontinuedtoexpandwithhistory,anditdependsontheinterestindifferentissuesindifferenttimes.Changing.Itisgenerallyagreedthatphilosophyisamethod,notasetofpropositions,propositionsortheories.Thestudyofphilosophyisbasedonrationalthinking,seekingtomakehypothesesthathavebeenexaminedwithoutescapingfrombeliefsorjustpureanalogy.Differentphilosophershavedifferentideasaboutthenatureofreasoning.
Foreignphilosophers’understandinganddefinitionofphilosophy
1,Russell
BritishphilosopherRussellsaid:JustthisTheunderstandingofwordsissomethingbetweentheologyandscience.Liketheology,itcontainshumanthinkingaboutthingsthatarestilluncertainbyscientificknowledge;andlikescience,itappealstohumanreasonratherthantoauthority,whetheritistraditionalauthorityorrevelation.Authority.Allexactknowledge(Russellbelieves)belongstoscience;alldogmasthatinvolvemorethanexactknowledgebelongtotheology.Betweentheologyandscience,thereisanuninhabitedareathatisattackedbybothsides.Thisuninhabitedareaisphilosophy.
2,Plato
Platopointedout:"thauma"(surprise)isthesymbolofphilosophers,itisthebeginningofphilosophy.Platosaidfullofmeaning:"iris"(rainbow,goddessofrainbow,messengerofZeus)isthedaughterof"thauma"(surprise),andtracesherbloodwithouterror."Iris"(rainbow)conveysGod'swillandgospeltopeople.Philosophyhappensoutofsurprise.Underhisgaze,allthingshavetakenoffallkindsofmundaneconcealment,andrevealedtheirtruenature.Asaresult,itpresentsitselfasatrulyliberatingforce.
3.Aristotle
Aristotlesaidin"Metaphysics":Seekingknowledgeisthenatureofallpeople.Peoplestartphilosophicalthinkingbecauseofsurprise.Atfirst,theyaresurprisedbytheincomprehensiblethingsaroundthem,andthengraduallymoveforward,andhavequestionsaboutmoreimportantthings,suchaschangesinthemoonphase,changesinthesunandstars,Andaboutthecreationofeverything.Apersonwhoisconfusedandsurprisedwillfeelignorant.
4.Hegel
Hegelbelievesthatphilosophyisaspecialkindofthinkingmovement,andphilosophyisthepursuitofabsoluteness."Philosophytakestheabsoluteasitsobject,itisaspecialwayofthinking"-Hegel's"LittleLogic".
5.Novalis
TheeighteenthcenturyGermanromanticpoetNovalis(1771-1801)'sdefinitionofphilosophy:philosophyItisthemotherofallscience.Theessenceofphilosophicalactivitiesisthereturnofthespirit.Anyactivitythatseeksspiritualhomeseverywherewiththeurgeofnostalgiacanbecalledphilosophy.
6.Einstein
Einsteintalkedaboutphilosophylikethis:IfscienceisunderstoodasthemostuniversalandbroadestformofknowledgePursuing,then,philosophycanobviouslyberegardedasthemotherofallscience.
Chinesephilosophers’understandinganddefinitionofphilosophy
1,FengYoulan
"ABriefHistoryofChinesePhilosophy"putsforwardhisownphilosophicaldefinition:"Itisasystematicreflectiononlife."BothChineseandforeignphilosophiesoriginatedfromquestions.
AfterwesternlearningandphilosophyenteredChina,therewasadebateaboutwhethertherewasphilosophyinChinesenativeculture.ThosewhobelievethattherearephilosophyinChinadefinephilosophyasthebasicideasabouttheuniverseandlife.
2.HuShi
HuShipointedoutinhis"OutlineoftheHistoryofChinesePhilosophy":"Anyonewhostudiesimportantissuesinlifeshouldbefundamentallyinmind.Tofindafundamentalsolution:thiskindofknowledgeiscalledphilosophy."
Therearealsomanyviewsonthesubjectofphilosophy.Somepeoplethinkthatphilosophyisanexaminationoftheprocessofthequestionitself;othersthinkthatthereareessentiallyphilosophicalpropositionsthatphilosophymustanswer.
Postmodernismdefinesphilosophyastheacademiccreationofconcepts.
Theresearchcategoryinvolvedinphilosophyisthesumofotherdisciplines.Itgivesanexplanationofthenatureoftheworld,whichaffectstherecipient'sworldviewtoalargeextent.
Philosophyisasciencethatstudiescategoriesandtheirrelationships.Thecategoryinvolvesthemostbasicresearchobjects,conceptsandcontentofadiscipline,andphilosophyhasthefunctionofgeneralmethodology.
Thedifferencebetweenphilosophyandothermethodsofpresentingproblemsisacritical,methodicalapproachandrational-baseddebate.
Philosophyisabroad-basedscienceanddoesnotinvolvespecifics.Itsresearchscopeisthebroadconceptofspecificsciences.
Thebranchofphilosophy
ThebranchofphilosophyincludesChinesephilosophy,Westernphilosophy,ethics,religion,aesthetics,logic,scienceandtechnologyphilosophy,etc.
Generationanddevelopment
Reasons
Metaphysicalthinkingistheessenceofphilosophicaldevelopment.Inprimitivesociety,peoplestilldon’tunderstandallkindsofnaturalphenomena.Naturalphenomenasuchasthunderandlightning,flashfloods,etc.stimulatedpeople’sexplorationandunderstandingofnatureandthemselves.Thisistheearlyembryonicformofreligion.Duringthisperiod,philosophyexplainedtheexistenceofreligiousforms.
Philosophyoriginatedintheancientslaveryperiodwhensocialproductivitywasgreatlyimproved.Atthattime,thedevelopmentofsocialeconomypromotedtheimprovementofpeople’scognitiveability.Peoplebegantothinkabouttheoreticalissuessuchasthenatureoftheworld.Earlyphilosophicalthoughtappeared.
Inancienttimes,theobjectsofphilosophicalresearchwerecomplex,rangingfromastronomytogeography.Allkindsofproblemsthatcangivepeoplewisdomandmakepeoplesmartaretheobjectsofphilosophicalresearch.Thephilosophicalresearchobjectsofthisperiodincludedspecificscientificobjects,andphilosophyandsciencewereintegrated.
Inthemiddleoftheslavesociety,specificsciencessuchasmathematics,astronomy,andmedicinebecameanindependentscienceandseparatedfromphilosophy.Theresearchobjectsofphilosophyhaveshrunkandbecomeconcrete,andvariousconcretephilosophicaldisciplineshavebeenformedwithinphilosophy:ontology,epistemology,andlogic.
Withtheestablishmentofcapitalism,modernempiricalscienceshaveemerged.Eachspecificsciencehasbeenindependentfromphilosophy,hasachievedrapiddevelopment,andtheobjectsofphilosophicalresearchhaveshrunk.Engelspointedout:"Inallthepreviousphilosophy,onlythedoctrinesaboutthinkinganditslaws—formallogicanddialectics—arestillthere.Everythingelsefallsintotheempiricalsciencesaboutnatureandhistory.
Theissuesofepistemologyanddevelopmentalconceptshavebecomethekeyissuesofphilosophyinthisperiod.
Incontemporarytimes,duetotheindependentandrapiddevelopmentofnaturalsciences,socialsciences,andconsciousnesssciences,theresearchobjectsofphilosophyhaveoccurredagainChange.Philosophynolongerstudiesproblemsinacertainrangeorfieldoftheworld,butstudiesthecommonnatureanduniversallawsofallthingsandphenomenaintheentireworld,suchastheoriginoftheworld,therelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousness,andthebasicstateoftheworld.,Thusformingtwomajorfactionsofmaterialismandidealism.Philosophyitselfonlyshowsthedifferentdimensionsofthinking,thereisnorightorwrongatall,butifyouexplorethetruenatureoftheobjectiveworldthroughpractice,thereisadistinctionbetweenscienceandunscientific.
Conditions
Philosophyisasocialideologyestablishedonamaterialbasis.Itisthebasicdisciplineandmeansforhumanstostudytheworld.Fromahistoricalperspective,theemergenceofphilosophyisinevitableandreasonable.ExploreitTheconditionsfortheemergencearemainlyfromthefollowingtwoaspects:
PhilosophyofHunger
Intheeraofmaterialscarcity,warscontinueandpeoplearenotliving,philosophywillturntopoliticalexploration.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod,hundredsofscholarswrotebooksandsaid,seekingthefoundationandthewayofsurvivalinthetroubledtimes.Thisisthein-depthdevelopmentofphilosophy,whichwecancall"HungerPhilosophy",orunderstoodasthephilosophyofsurvivingfromadeadend.
Theso-called"philosophyofhunger"referstosituationswherepeople’sbasiclifeinterestsandnationalprogressinterestsarenotsatisfied,orclassconflictsareacute.Underthecircumstances,philosophyisforcedtoreformandthinkandthinkabouttheworldinthewayofpoliticalandeconomicexploration,resultinginavalue-basedphilosophy.
WearewellawareoftheessenceofMarxistphilosophyasaphilosophyborninaspecifichistoricalperiod.Itservespolitics.Duetotheintensifiedexploitationofworkersbycapitalismandthedeepeningofinternalcontradictions,MarxandEngelsproposedmaterialismanddialectics,andfurthercreatedmaterialistichistoricalconceptsandsurplusvaluedoctrines,inordertoexposetheessenceofcapitalism,opposeoppression,andservescientificsocialism.Theproductionofthetheorycreatedconditions.
ItcanbeseenthatMarxistphilosophywasdevelopedinthedisadvantagedpositionoftheworkingclass.ThespecificsocialenvironmentprovidedareasonablebreedinggroundforthebirthofMarxistphilosophy.Thisisthetypical"philosophyofhunger."
Philosophyofabundance
Intheeraofabundance,peoplehavesolvedthebasicproblemsoffood,clothing,housingandtransportation.Thereisalotofroomfordevelopment.Atthistime,thescopeofphilosophythatpeoplethinkaboutisrelativelylarge,includingmanyaspects,andtheformsarealsorelativelydiverse.Aristotle’sphilosophicalthoughthaspenetratedintovariousfields.Thisisthediversifieddevelopmentofphilosophy.Callit"PhilosophyofProsperity".
Theso-called"PhilosophyofProsperity"referstopeople’sbenefitsinlifeAftersatisfaction,theworldofthinkingandconsciousnesshasbeengreatlyenriched,andtherelationshipbetweentheworldandoneselfiscarefullyobserved,andheentersthefieldsofconsciousness,spirit,natureandotherphilosophies,resultinginamulti-formphilosophy.
AquinaswasanoutstandingtheologianandphilosopherintheMiddleAges.His"EncyclopediaofTheology"iswell-knowninancientandmoderntimesandisanimportantmanifestationofthephilosophicalcharacteristicsofthisperiod.
Itcanbeseenfromthisthatphilosophyhasdifferentformsatdifferenthistoricalstages.Becauseofthis,historyhaspointedouttwofeasiblepathsforphilosophyandpromotedthemulti-leveldevelopmentofphilosophy.
Thefundamentalquestionofphilosophy
Thefundamentalquestionofphilosophy,alsoknownasthefundamentalquestionofphilosophy,thehighestquestionofphilosophy,referstotherelationshipbetweenexistenceandconsciousness.
Engelsmadethisclearstatementforthefirsttimeinhisbook"LudwigFeuerbachandtheEndofGermanClassicalPhilosophy"writtenin1886.Itsproposalprovidesacorrectstandardfordistinguishingthetwoopposingphilosophicalsystemsandphilosophicalschoolsofmaterialismandidealism,aswellastheobjectiveevaluationofthem.
Connotation
Thebasicquestionsofphilosophyhavetwoaspects:
Thefirstaspect:whatisexistenceandconsciousness,matterandthinkingThisisthesourceoftheproblem.Therehavealwaysbeentwofundamentallydifferentanswerstoquestionsinthisregard,andthishasresultedintheformationoftwomajorcamps,twobasicfactions,andtwoopposinglinesofidealismandmaterialisminphilosophy.Anyonewhobelievesthatconsciousnessisprimaryandmatterissecondary,thatis,consciousnessprecedesmaterialphilosophyandbelongstoidealism;whoeverbelievesthatmatterisprimaryandconsciousnessissecondary,thatis,matterprecedesideologicalphilosophy.Belongstomaterialism.Inadditiontothesetwofundamentallyopposedanswers(monism),thereisanotheranswerthatbelievesthatmatterandconsciousnessaretwoindependentandindependentorigins.Thephilosophicalschoolsholdingthisviewbelongtodualism.
Anotheraspectofthebasicproblemofphilosophyistheproblemoftheidentityofthinkingandexistence.Forthisaspect,mostphilosophers,includingmaterialistphilosophersandsomeidealistphilosophers,havedoneAffirmativeanswer.Materialismandidealismhavedifferentsolutionstothisprobleminprinciple.Materialismrecognizestheobjectiveexistenceofthematerialworldanditslaws,recognizesthatthinkingexistsonthebasisofreflection,andrecognizesthattheworldcanbeunderstood;idealismregardstheobjectiveworldasaproductofthinkingandspirit,andthatknowingtheworldisspiritSelf-knowledge.Therearealsosomephilosophers,suchasD.HumeandI.Kant,whodenythepossibilityofknowingtheworldorthepossibilityofknowingtheworldthoroughly,andareagnosticsinthehistoryofphilosophy.
Faction
EuropeanrationalistscientistDescartes(2photos)
Accordingtothefirstaspectabove,ontologycanbedividedinto"materialisticTwobasicfactionsof"ism"and"idealism":Materialism:Theoriginoftheworldisattributedtomatter,anditadvocatesthatmatteristhefirstandconsciousnessisthesecond,andthatconsciousnessistheproductofmatter.,Specificallydividedintoancientnaivematerialism,modernmetaphysicalmaterialismanddialecticalmaterialism.Thephilosophyofthisschoolhasalwaysemphasizedsensorycognition,rationalreasoningandobjectiveevidence.Duetothelimitationsofthedevelopmentofnaturalscience,theschoolisstillincompleteregardingtheoriginoftheworldandneedsfurtherdevelopment.
Idealism:Theoriginoftheworldisattributedtothespirit,anditadvocatestheprimarynatureofconsciousnessandideas(laws),andthesecondarynatureofmatter.Matteristheproductofconsciousness.Idealismisverycomplicatedandcanberoughlydividedintotwocategories:subjectiveidealismandobjectiveidealism.Subjectiveidealismadvocatesthefirstnatureofindividualconsciousness,andobjectiveidealismadvocatesthefirstnatureofobjectconsciousness.
KnowledgeTheory:Thebeliefthattheworldcanberecognized,thatpeoplecanfullyrecognizetheworldbymeansofsensoryorgansandtheirextensions(scientificinstruments),butthepartsthathavenotyetbeenrecognizedOnlybecauseoftheunderdevelopmentoftechnology,itisinevitableforpeopletofullyunderstandtheworld.
Agnosticism:Thebeliefthattheworldcannotberecognizedorfullyrecognized.Theinabilitytobefullyrecognizedhereisnot"notyetrecognized",butReferstocertainpartsorlevelsoftheworld,humanbeingswillneverknowthetruth."Conceptualworld"isaconceptthatmustbementionedwhenstudyingagnosticism.
Dualism:Itbelievesthattheoriginoftheworldisthetwoentitiesofconsciousnessandmatter,tryingtoreconcilethephilosophicalviewsofmaterialismandidealism.Dualismisaphilosophicaldoctrinethatadvocatesthattheworldhastwoindependentorigins:spiritandmaterial.Itisopposedtomonism.
Estemology:Inadditiontotheontologythatincludesmaterialism,idealism,andduality,thereisalsoepistemology.Epistemologyisdividedintotwoopposingtheoriesofempiricismandrationalism.
PhilosophicalConcepts
Metaphysics | |
Academic | |
Theory | |
Concept | p>|
Relatedtopics | |
TheoryofKnowledge | |
Scholar | |
Theory | |
Concept | |
Relateditems |
PhilosophicalProposition
*FreeWill
*Determinism
*Thelawofcausality
*Randomness
*Whitehorseisnotahorse
*Thepeopleuseiteveryday
*Paradox
*Changesarenew
*Twenty-oneDebates
*Benevolenceisthesourceofallthings
p>*Thebodyusesasource
*Theskydoesnotchange,andthewaydoesnotchange
*Heaven’spathisnatural
*Allthingsareinme
*Thingsmustbereversed
*Mindandtemperament
*Hearthasnobody
*Newreasonisdivided
*ShapeandqualityareusedforGod
*Sexisreason
*Sexdayisborn
*Oneisdividedintotwo
*OnethingistwoStyle
*EPRParadox
*SolidWhiteXiangying
*ContradictionTheory
SubjectClassification
AncientGreekphilosopherspracticephilosophybyaskingquestions.Thequestionstheyaskcanberoughlydividedintothefollowingcategories.Thesequestionsformthemaindisciplinesofphilosophy:Metaphysics,Logic,andRecognition.Epistemology,EthicsandAesthetics.
Metaphysicshasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts,mainlyincludingtwo.Onereferstothepartofphilosophythatexploresthefundamentalprinciplesofeverythingintheuniverse.TheotherisatermthatHegelbegantouseandMarxalsocontinuedtouse.Itreferstothewayofthinkingthatisopposedtodialectics,observingtheworldfromanisolated,static,andone-sidedpointofview.Themainproblemsofmetaphysicsinclude,whatistheoriginoftheworld,thegenerationandevolutionofeverythingintheuniverse,thenatureoftimeandspace,thelawsofnature,whetherthesoulexists,therelationshipbetweenmanandtheuniverse,freewill,etc.Inshort,existence,nothingness,universe,soul,freewill...allmysteriousandmysteriousissuesbelongtoancientmetaphysicaltopics.
TheinventorofLogicistheancientGreekphilosopherAristotle.Logicinanarrowsensereferstothescienceofstudyingreasoning,thatis,studyingThescienceofhowtoinfertheunknowninevitableresultfromthecurrentknownconditions.Logicinabroadsensereferstothescienceofstudyingtheformsofthinking,thelawsofthinking,andthelogicalmethodsofthinking.Thescopeofgenerallogicresearchisrelativelylarge,itisatraditionalunderstanding,andhasalottodowithphilosophicalresearch.Theentirelogicdisciplinesystemisverylargeandcomplex,suchas:traditional,modernanddialectical,deductive,inductiveandanalogous,classicandnon-classical,andsoon.However,nomatterhowcomplexitis,therearesimilarities,suchas:methodsofconstructingjudgments;reasoningofinevitability;identificationwithlogicaltruthsorlawsoflogic,etc.
EssemologyisderivedfromGreekknowledgeandspeech.Itisaphilosophicalmethodtoexplorethenature,originandscopeofknowledge.Therelationshipbetweenepistemologyandepistemologyiscontroversial.Somepeoplethinkthattheyarethesameconcept,whileothersthinkthattheyareactuallytwocloselyrelatedconcepts.Formostofthehistoryofphilosophy,knowledgemeansbeliefthathasbeenproventohaveabsolutetruth.Anythingthatlacksabsolutetruthiscalledapossiblepointofview.ThisviewisstillpopularatleastinBertrandRussell’sworkphilosophyintheearly20thcentury.Inthefollowingdecades,thisviewbegantoloseattention.Inthe1960s,EdmundGettiercriticizedthedefinitionofknowledgeinTheaTeide.Hepointedoutthatundercertaincircumstances,whatapersonbelievesisconfirmedtoacertainextent,butnottoanabsolutedegree.Inthiscase,peoplecanthinkthatthepersonhasnotgainedknowledge.
Ethicsisatheoryaboutmoralissues,whichstudiesthegeneration,development,essence,evaluation,functionofmorality,andthelawsofmoraleducationandmoralcultivationDoctrine.Andmoralityisthesumofthebehavioralnormsofgoodandevil,andthesumofthecorrespondingpsychologicalconsciousnessandbehavioralactivitiesintheinterestrelationshipbetweentheexistenceanddevelopmentofsocietyandnature.Themoralitystudiedbyethics,asoneofthesocialideologies,isreflectedthroughsocialmateriallivingconditionsbasedoncertainsocialeconomicrelations;ethicsisthroughgoodandevil,rightsandobligations,idealsandmissions,namelyPeople’scodeofconductisreflectedinallcategoriesandsystems.
TheresearchobjectofAestheticsisart,andaestheticsisthephilosophyofart.ThehistoryofWesternaestheticsbeganwithPlato.AlthoughPythagorasandothershadbeguntodiscussaestheticissuesbeforePlato,Platowasthefirstphilosophertodiscussaestheticissuesfromtheheightofphilosophicalspeculation.InChina,thepre-QinperiodwasagoldenageforthedevelopmentofChineseclassicalaesthetics.TheaestheticsofLaozi,Confucius,YiZhuan,andZhuangzilaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofChineseclassicalaesthetics.ButtherealstartingpointofChineseaestheticsisLaoTzu.
Duetodifferentresearchfields,philosophyhasmanycategories.
*HistoryofPhilosophy
oHistoryofEasternPhilosophy
+HistoryofChinesePhilosophy
+IndianPhilosophy
+IslamicPhilosophy
+JapanesePhilosophy
oHistoryofWesternPhilosophy
+AncientGreekPhilosophy
+MedievalPhilosophy
+Renaissancephilosophy
+GermanClassicalPhilosophy
+RussianPhilosophy
*MarxistPhilosophy
oDialecticalMaterialism
oHistoricalMaterialism
oHistoryofMarxistPhilosophy
*PhilosophyofScience
*PoliticalPhilosophy
*PhilosophyofHistory
*ModernPhilosophy
oPhilosophyofExistence
oAnalyticalPhilosophy
oHumanisticPhilosophy
oHermeneutics
oSemiotics
oPragmatismPhilosophy
*Ethics
oMedicalEthics
oEducationalEthics
oPoliticalEthics
oFamilyEthics
oBioethics
oEcologicalEthics
*Aesthetics
oAestheticsHistory
oArtAesthetics
oTechnologyAesthetics
*Metaphysics
*Phenomenology
*Processphilosophy
*Esensetheory
*Deathphilosophy
*Lifephilosophy
*LegalPhilosophy
*PhilosophyofMind
*MohistPhilosophy
*ContemporaryAnglo-AmericanPhilosophy
*ComparativePhilosophy
p>*ContemporaryFrenchPhilosophy
*PhilosophyPhilosophy
Therelationshipbetweenphilosophyandscience
Difference
Philosophystudiesthewholeworld,Revealthegenerallawsofthedevelopmentoftheentireworld,andprovidemethodologicalguidanceforpeopletounderstandtheworldandtransformtheworld
Andspecificscienceaimsataspecificfield,andprovidesguidanceforpeopletounderstandtheworldandtransformtheworldinspecificmethods
Contact
①Specificscienceisthefoundationofphilosophy,andtheprogressofspecificsciencepromotesthedevelopmentofphilosophy;
②Philosophyprovidestheguidanceofworldviewandmethodologyforspecificscience.
Chinesephilosophy
Chinesephilosophyisdividedintoancientphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.Ancientphilosophymainlyreferstothefourstagesof"contendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod","ThreeXuanxuesofConfucianismandTaoisminHanandTangDynasties","DevelopmentofConfucianisminSongDynasty"and"ModernChineseandWesternIntegration".Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy".Itcanbesaidthat"TheaesthetictheoryofTaoismrepresentsthetruespiritofChineseart."
Ancient
AncientChinesephilosophyhasalonghistoryandisbroadandprofound.Itsuniqueideologicalvaluesarefarfromtheforefrontofhistory.
InancientChina,Confucianism,Taoism,Legalism,andMohismwerethemainphilosophicalschools.Amongthem,Confucianism,Taoism,andMohismwereespeciallyinfluential.TheintroductionanddevelopmentofWesternphilosophyinmoderntimeshasalsohadagreatimpact.Amongthem,inmodernChina,Marxistphilosophyistheofficialideology;scholarsrepresentedbyNeo-ConfucianismstrivetoinnovateanddeveloptraditionalChinesephilosophy.
TheChinesecosmologyisrepresentedbytheBookofChangesandLaoZhuang,andtheethicalsocialoutlookisrepresentedbyConfucianismandMencius.ConfucianismandTaoismcomplementeachother.
Chinesephilosophyisdividedintoancientphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.Ancientphilosophymainlyreferstothefourstagesof"contendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod","ThreeXuanxuesofConfucianismandTaoisminHanandTangDynasties","DevelopmentofConfucianisminSongDynasty"and"ModernChineseandWesternIntegration".Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy"
ContendingofahundredschoolsofthoughtintheSpringandAutumnPeriod
Asthesource,ithasalonghistoryinthehistoryofChineseculturaldevelopment,andhasaprofoundimpactonthegeneralethicsandmoralsoftheChinesepeople,andonthevaluesandvalueprioritiesofChineseculture.IthasbecomeacollectivesubconsciousnessoftheChinesenation.ConfucianvaluesinfluencethemajorityofpublicoccasionsinancientChinabasedonConfucianvaluesastheprioritystandard.Therefore,itcanbesaidthatthevalueorientationofConfucianismgenerallyrepresentsthebasicvaluepriorityoftraditionalChineseculture.
Confucianismpaysattentiontoself-cultivationandemphasizesethicsandmorality.Itscentralideais"benevolenceandjustice",thatis,harmoniousrelationsbetweenpeopleshouldbeemphasized.InterpersonalrelationsarebasedontheFiveEthicsandhavecertainnorms.Treatyourelderswithrespectandrespect;behonestwithyourfriends;behonestandlovethepeoplewhenyouareanofficial;beself-knowledgeanddoyourowninternalaffairs.Therulershouldbebenevolentandlovethepeople;befraternitywithothers.Beloyaltoyourboss;befilialtoyourparentsandrelatives;beambitiousandhaveperseverance.Attachimportancetothepursuitofknowledge,andbegoodatdrawingonthestrengthsofothersandadmiringothers'ideas.Regardingthelifeoflifeandwork,whenyouareachild,youloveyourparents;whenyouhaveagirlfriend(lover),youloveyourlover;ifyouhaveawifeandchildren(spouse,loverandchildren)aftermarriage,youloveyourloverandchildren;Whenanofficialoracivilservant(inabroadsense,anemployee),helovesthemonarch(andorhissuperiors).
Confucianpoliticalthoughtis"benevolentgovernance","kingdom"and"ritualsystem",anditsidealsare"greatharmony"and"greatunification".Itspoliticalsciencemainlyelaboratestherelationshipbetweenthemonarchandtheministerandtherelationshipbetweenthegovernmentandthepeople.Confucius"theemperorshouldactwithcourtesy,andtherulerwithloyalty",Mencius"thepeoplearethemostimportant,thesocietyissecond,andtheemperoristhelight",andXunzi"doesnotfollowtheruler,righteousnessdoesnotfollowthefather,andthegreatdeedsofman",IstherepresentativepropositionofConfucianpolitics.Ontheissueofrealpolitics,Confucianismrequiresboththerulerandtheruledtobearobligations.Intheory,theruledhastherighttoresisttherulerwhoassumestheobligationsabnormally."Benevolentgovernanceiseasytodo"advocatesthedistinctionbetween"cannot"and"donot",thatis,thedifferencebetween"cannotdo"and"donotdo."Andits"noperseverancebecauseofnoperseverance"alsoembodiesthepeople-orientedthinking.ThepurposeofConfucianeducationistopromotehumanityandcompletepersonalityasthestartingpoint,untilreachingtheidealofestablishingabenevolentcountryandaworldofgreatharmony.Therefore,theidealofConfucianismistobecomeageneralist,ortobeversatileratherthanjustonetalentandoneskill,ortobeabletocomprehendbyanalogyonthebasisofonetalentandoneskill,thatis,acombinationofspecialistsandgeneralists.DatongsocietyisadescriptionofthegreatjourneyofConfucianism,thatistosay,theeconomicsofConfucianismservestheidealsocietyofmankind.Confucianismemphasizesrighteousnessoverprofit,takesrighteousnessasthefoundationandguidesprofitbyrighteousness.Respectthelawsofthenaturalmarketeconomy,opposeviolatingthelawsofdestroyingthemarket,andopposethemanipulationofthemarketatthesametime,butagreeto"sellataprice."Confucianismemphasizesrationalityandalsoproposestostudythingstolearnknowledge.Confucianismattachesgreatimportancetoscienceandtechnologyandthepracticalityofmaterials.Itputsforwardtheprincipleof"lesseffort,moreeffort"anddevelopedpracticallearning.Atthesametime,itfocusesoncomprehensivepersonalitydevelopmentandopposesturningpeopleintomaterialtools.ConfucianmetaphysicswasdevelopedinlaterNeo-ConfucianismandPsychology.Confucianismattachesgreatimportancetothelongtraditionofcompilinghistory.
ThedevelopmentofConfucianismintheSongDynasty
ZhouDunyi,ZhangHengqu,ChengHao,andChengYiwerethemajorConfucianscholarsintheNorthernSongDynasty.TheyinheritedtheConfucianclassicsandemphasizedbenevolence.Andxinxing,butalsotalkabouttheprincipleofthepoor.ThreeyearslaterinXining,WangAnshi'spoliticalreformtriggeredpartisandisputes,andChengErChengretreatedtoLuoyang,andNeo-Confucianismreachedmaturityinthefollowingsevenortenyears.
AftertheSongDynastycrossedtheSouth,Confucianismwasdividedintothreeschools-ChengHaoopenedHuWufeng's"HuxiangSchool",ChengYiopenedZhuZi'sschool,whichisalsoChengZhuLixue,therepresentativeisZhuXi;LuJiuyuanDirectlyfollowingMenciusandstartingaschoolofXinxue.QuanZuwangcommented:"AfterSongQianandChun,theschoolsweredividedintothree:ZhuXueye,LuXueye,andLuXueye.Thethreeschoolswereatthesametime,andnoneofthemwereingoodharmony.LuXuetookbothitsstrengthsandrefineditwiththeliteratureoftheCentralPlains.Althoughthedifferentpathsaredifferent,itisthesameifyouwantthemtobelongtothesaints."
SincethemiddleoftheNorthernSongDynasty,Daoistshavebecomemoreandmorevigorous.IntheearlydaysoftheSouthernSongDynasty,althoughthegovernmentorderedtheprohibitionseveraltimes,itcouldnotstopthepopularityofTaoismandreduceitsreputation.AftertheSouthernSongDynasty,onlythesecondlineofZhuandLucontinued.DuringtheYuanandMingdynasties,ZhuXuejinoccupiedthepositionoforthodoxyandwastheofficialthoughtofthelateChinesemonarchysociety.Huidongcommentedon"MaoShiZhuShu":"ThedisasterofSongConfucianismisworsethanQinHui."
MingDynastyXinxue
MingDynastyXinxueThegreatmasterChenBaishaputforwardthephilosophicalpropositionof“natureasthesect”and“learningisworthy”,breakingthedullandrigidmodelofCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism,openingthemindoftheMingDynasty,andfoundingthe“JiangmenSchool”,whichisoneinthehistoryofNeo-ConfucianismintheSongandMingDynasties.Akeyfigureinlinkingthepasttothefutureandchangingtheatmosphere.ChenBaisha'sstudyemphasizesthesignificanceoftheexistenceofindividualsintheuniversewiththesubjectiveself-valueof"theuniverseisinme".Whathecalled"natural"referstothestateofexistenceinwhicheverythingissimple,natural,withoutanyburden,andabsolutelyfree.Heaskspeopletobegoodatunderstandingthe"naturalmind"inthis"natural"state.Hevigorouslyadvocatedthemind-learningworldviewof"Heavenandearthstandbyme,andtheuniverseisinme".
SongMingXinxuestartedfromLuJiuyuan,throughChenBaisha,toWangYangming.InthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,WangYangmingfoundedthe"YangmingSchool"ofconscience,whichgatheredthegreatachievementsofthestudyofthemind.AttheendoftheMingDynasty,LiuHuishanechoedHuWufengandsaidthattherighteousnessofnatureisbasedontheheart.AttheendoftheMingDynasty,Wang'sstudiesalsoenteredthelaststage.HuangZongxisaid:"Mingpeoplelectured,followedthedrossof"Quotations",didnottakethesixclassicsastheroot,buttiedthebooksandengagedinlobbying."WangShizhensaid:"Thescholarsoftoday,Occasionally,ifyouhaveapeeping,youwanttoabolishthepre-Confucianismanddriveit.Ifyoudon’tlearn,youwillusetheconsistentlanguagetousetheliteraryisveryshabby;ifyoudon’tdoit,youwillrunawayfromthelandoflife,sothatpeoplecannotbequestioned."
The"GanquanSchool"foundedbyanotherXinxuemasterZhanRuoshuiintheMingDynastyandWangYangming's"YangmingSchool"werealsocalled"WangZhan'sschool"bythetime.ZhanRuoshuiinheritedChenBaisha'stheorySomeinnovations,andeventuallybecomeagreatschoolofNeo-Confucianism.ZhanRuoshuiputforwardpropositionssuchas"recognizingintheheart,thatis,learningfromthemind"and"understandingtheprinciplesofheaveneverywhere";correctingthelackofintrospectioninhisteacher'stheory,andadvocatingthe"internalandexternal"learning.Theso-called"anywhere"means"asyouwish,atwill,withyou,withyourhome,withthecountry,withtheworld".Inhisview,nomatterwhatkindofsituationpeoplearein,theyshouldexperienceandpracticetheprinciplesofnatureintheirhearts.
QingDynasty
AftertheearlyQingDynasty,Neo-Confucianismbecameemptytalk,seriouslydivorcedfromreality,andbecameameansofusingacademicsasatooltogainpoliticalbenefits.Inthetwenty-firstyearofKangxi,EmperorKangxireadCuiWeilin'sarticleandsaidthat"peoplewhoareconceitedasConfucian"arereally"despicable".Healsosaid:"IthinkthatitisTaoism,buttheso-calledTaoismisnotnecessarilytrue.Itisnotverygoodtohearabouthishometown."Kangxisaid,"Today,intheHanpalace,therearemanypeoplewhoarefamousforTaoism.Examiningthetruth,wordsanddeedsarememorized."Heoncesaid:"LiGuangdi,TangBin,andXiongCiluareallscholarsofTaoism,buttheyarenotcompatible."Evenso,inthe51styearofKangxi(1712),theQingDynastyissuedanedict,stipulatingthatZhuXibecameoneofthetenphilosophersoftheConfucianTemple.First,itmarkedthatCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianismbecameanofficialacademic.
Modern
Modernphilosophymainlyrefersto"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"and"thestudyofwesternphilosophy"
"thestudyofancientChinesephilosophy"Itisalineofrepeatedstudyoftraditionalphilosophy,basedontraditionalphilosophy,andgivennewpracticalsignificance.
"ResearchonWesternPhilosophy"mainlyreferstoMarx'sphilosophy.IhopetouseforeignculturetoredefineeverythinginChinaandburytheoldtraditionsinanera.
Westernphilosophy
Westernphilosophyisaunifiedphilosophicalsystemwiththesamehistoricaltraditionandaunifiedconceptualsystem.ThedefinitionofWesternphilosophyisvague.AlthoughtheAmericanphilosopherTerry’sHistoryofWesternPhilosophymentionedthesocialistphilosopherslikeOwenbeforeMarx,hedidnotmentionawordaboutMarx(Terry’s“HistoryofWesternPhilosophy”wrotefromancientGreekphilosophytoThetimespanofAmericanpositivistphilosophyincludesMarx).AlthoughRussellmentionedMarxintheHistoryofWesternPhilosophy,hesaidthathesaidMarxbecauseMarxwasaphilosopherwhohadasignificantinfluenceonWesternphilosophy.InWesternphilosophy,the"West"iswidelyregardedasreferringnotonlytothegeographical"West(WesternEurope)"butalsotothecultural"West(capitalistworld)".
BeforetheformationofMarxistphilosophy,Westernphilosophyexperiencedapproximatelythreeperiods:ancientGreco-Romanphilosophy,medievalphilosophyandmodernphilosophy.
AncientGreco-Romanphilosophy
AncientGreco-Romanphilosophycanberoughlydividedintothreestages:
①Fromthe7thtothe6thcenturyBC,philosophyFamilymembersattachgreatimportancetothestudyoftheoriginoftheuniverse,andphilosophyatthisstageiscallednaturalphilosophy.Duetothedifferentanswerstotheworld'soriginsandthedifferentareaswherephilosopherslive,theMiletusschool,theEfesschool,thePythagorasschool,andtheAileaschoolwereformed.TheMiletusschooltakes'water','unrestricted',and'qi'astheoriginoftheworld;HeraclitusoftheEphesianschoolbelievesthateverythingintheworldisafirethatburnsandextinguishesinaccordancewiththelaw;PythagorasTheschoolregards“number”astheprototypeofthings,andthinksthatnumberconstitutesthe“order”oftheuniverse,and“everythingisnumber”;theAiliaschoolclassifiestheever-changingworldasanillusion,andbelievesthattheonlyrealthingis“existence”','existence'issingle,finite,invariable,andindivisible.
Thelaternaturalphilosophersputforwardtheconceptsof“fourelements”(water,fire,earth,air),“seed”,“atom”,etc.toexploretheoriginoftheworld;someFurtherexplorethedrivingforcebehindthechangesintheworldmovementandbelievethatthereisakindofthemostdelicate,active,andmaterialthing'Nus',whichpromotesthecorrespondencebetweenheatandcold,dryandwet,andtheseparationof'seeds'fromtheoriginalmixture.Starttomove,andconstitutecountlessuniversesandconcretethings.
Transformationofresearch
②Inthe5thcenturyBC,thefocusofancientGreekphilosophyshiftedfromresearchingnaturetoresearchingpeople.Atthistime,thewisemendonotbelieveinrealexistenceandobjectivetruth.Protagorabelievesthateverythingisequallytrue.Rightandwrongarerelativetohumanperception("Manisthemeasureofallthings");GorgiasagainThinkeverythingisequallyfake.Socrates,whocallshimselfthe"lovewiseman,"believesthatthereareobjectivetruths,anditispossibletoknowthetruth;trueknowledgeseeksuniversaldefinitionsofvariousethicsfromspecificmoralbehaviors;themethodofseekingdefinitionsisargumentation.
③Inthe4thcenturyBC,ancientGreekphilosophyenteredastageofsystematization,representedbyPlatoandAristotle.Platoputforwardthetheoryofideals("theoryofrationality"),thinkingthattherealisticandperceivableworldisnotreal,andthereisaneternalandrealworldofidealsoutsideit.Ideasarethe'paradigms'ofindividualthings;individualthingsareimperfect'shadows'or'fakecopies'ofperfectideas;thefeelingoftakingindividualthingsasobjectscannotbethesourceoftrueknowledge,andtrueknowledgeistheimmortalsoul'sinfluenceontheidealOf'memories'.AristotledisagreedwithPlato'stheoryofideas.Hecalledtheidea"form"andbelievedthat"form"cannotexistindependentlyofindividualthings.Formistheessenceofthingsandexistswithinthings.
Specificthingsarecomposedofmaterialfactors,formalfactors,dynamicfactorsandpurposefactors.Theprocessofcombiningmaterialandformisthemovementoftransformingpotentialintoreality.Healsoputforwarda"firstmover"forthefinalpurposeofathingandthefinalcauseofthemovement,thinkingthatitisaformwithoutmaterial.AfterthedeathofAristotle,GreekculturegraduallycombinedwithRomanculture.Inmorethan800years,manyphilosophicalschoolsappeared,mainlyincludingEpicureanschool,StoicschoolandthesuspicionrepresentedbyPilang.Onandsoon.Theyconductedamorein-depthdiscussiononthebasisofthedevelopmentofpredecessors'thinking,andinvolvedethicalandreligiousissues.InthestageofsystematizationofancientGreekandRomanphilosophy,theformallogiccreatedbyAristotlelaidasolidfoundationfortraditionallogic.
MedievalPhilosophy
IntheMiddleAgesofEurope,Catholicismoccupiedadominantpositioninallaspectsofsecularandspirituallife.Philosophybecamethehandmaidoftheology,anditsrolewastoberationalforfaithexplain.The5thto10thcenturywastheearlyperiodofmedievalphilosophy.Duringthisperiod,thefocusofphilosophicalresearchwasontherelationshipbetweenthegeneralandtheindividual.
ThelaterRomanphilosopherA.M.T.S.Boaixiuattachesgreatimportancetotheauthenticityofindividualthingswithdiversity,andbelievesthatuniversalsexistinindividualthingsandarenotmaterialinthemselves.TheIrishphilosopherJ.S.Eryugenabelievesthattheuniversalwholeisthemostreal,andGodisthetotal.Itcreateseverything,encompasseseverything,andtranscendseverything.Godisdifferentfromallthings,allthingsarepartofGod,andGodisinallthings.Fromthebeginningofthe11thcenturytothebeginningofthe14thcentury,twoschoolsofnominalismandrealismwereformedonthebasisofearlymedievalphilosophy.Nominalism,representedbytheFrenchscholasticphilosopherRothering,believesthatonlyindividualthingshaverealness,individualityprecedesuniversality,universalityisnothingmorethananame,and'universal'isnothingbutthe'voice'ofpeople.ActuallyTheabovedoesnotexist.Thiskindofthinkingisreflectedinreligion,denyingthehighestGodoftheTrinity,andonlyacknowledgingtheexistenceoftheFather,theSon,andtheHolySpirit.Realism,representedbytheChristianphilosopherAnselmo,believesthatwhatreallyexistsisa'universal',notaspecificindividualthing.Thereisa'nobeginningandnoendtruth'thatexistsbeforeallthings.Thiskindofthinkingisreflectedinreligion,acknowledgingtherealityoftheuniversalchurchandthinkingthatindividualchurchesaresubordinate;acknowledgingtherealityoftheuniversaldoctrineofChristianityandthinkingthatthebeliefsofindividualpeoplearesubordinating;acknowledgingtherealityoforiginalsinandthinkingthatthesinsofindividualpeoplearesubordinating;AcknowledgethehighestGodrealityoftheTrinity,thinkthatthethreeseparatedGodsaresubordinate,andsoon.
Fromthebeginningofthe14thcenturytothemiddleofthe15thcentury,duetothedeclineofthechurchandthedevelopmentofnaturalsciences,orthodoxscholasticphilosophywasdeclining.Philosophybecamemoreandmoredivorcedfromtheology,theideaofpersonalfreedombegantosprout,andmedievalphilosophygraduallyturnedtomodernphilosophy.transition.
ModernPhilosophy
Westernmodernphilosophywasformedwiththeself-awakeningofhumanbeings.Duringthisperiod,theRenaissanceextolledactivelifeandadvocatedrationality.Peoplenolongerbelievedintheologyandauthority,andtheirthoughtsreturnedfromthereligiousworldtotheearth,thusdiscoveringnatureandpeoplethemselves,startingtopursueknowledgeandyearningforpersonalfreedom.
The15thtotheearly17thcenturywasthefirststageofmodernwesternphilosophy.Atthisstage,theresearchcenterismanandnature,formingtwotrendsofthoughtthatarerelatedtoeachotherandhavecertaindifferencesbetweenhumanismandnaturalphilosophy.Humanismadvocatesputtingpeopleatthecenteranddoingeverythingforthebenefitofpeople,andopposestheimmortalityofthesoulandasceticism.Representativesofnaturalphilosophygenerallyadvocatetheuseofthescientificmethodofempiricalobservationinsteadofthedeductivemethodofscholasticphilosophy.Italy’sB.Theresiobelievesthatmatteriseternal,andtheoppositionofheatandcoldisthecauseofthemovementofmatter;G.Brunobelievesthattheuniverseisinfinite,andthesolarsystemisonlyapartofit.Natureisthegod,anditconsistsofmonads.constitute.
Monadisaunityofmatterandspirit,materialandform.Manyoftherepresentativesofnaturalphilosophyarenaturalscientists.Theirscientificresearchisoftenmixedwithmagic,alchemy,andastrology,whichbringsalotofimaginationandfictiontotheirphilosophicalthinking.
Thebeginningofthe17thcenturytotheendofthe18thcenturywasthesecondstageofmodernwesternphilosophy.Atthisstage,theattentionofphilosophywasfocusedontherelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthesubject,formingtwoschoolsofempiricismandrationalism.ThematerialistempiricismrepresentedbyF.BaconandLockebelievesthatacquiredfeelingsabouttheoutsideworldarethesourceofknowledgeandfeelingsarereliable.Baconacknowledgedthatthenaturalworldismaterial,andthatmatterisdynamicanddiverse.Hebelievesthatthepurposeofmasteringknowledgeistounderstandandconquernature,andknowledgeispower;Lockebelievesthatthemindisa'whiteboard',andtheideaisthatexternalthingsleavetracesonthewhiteboard.的产品。Theproduct.ThematerialisticrationalerepresentedbyB.Spinozabelievesthattheobjectofknowledgeistheobjectivelyexistingnature,andonlyreasoncangraspit,andexperienceisunreliable.Spinozaregardsnatureastheonly'entity',thinkingthatthinkingandextensionarethetwoattributesoftheunifiedanduniqueentity.Individualthingsarethedeformationofentities.Onlybygraspingtheuniqueentitythroughrationalitycanindividualthingsbeknown.
TheidealisticrationalerepresentedbyDescartesandGWLeibnizbelievesthatonlyonthebasisofacompletelyclearandunquestionableaxiom,throughtheabilityofrationalknowledgetobeclearandaccurateInordertogetrealknowledge.Descartesputforwardtheconceptof'innateness',sayingthatpeople'sabilityofrationalknowledgeisinnate,andtheself-evidentfirstaxiomisalsoinherentandinnateinlife.However,inadditiontoacknowledgingtheindependentexistenceofspiritualentities,healsorecognizedindependentphysicalentities,andunifiedthesetworelativelyindependententitiesintoanabsoluteentity"God";LeibnizfurtherdevelopedDescartes'thoughts,Believesthatallideasareinnate,butatfirsttheyexistinpeople'sheartsastendencies,endowments,habits,ornaturalpotentials,andtheyneedtobeprocessedbeforetheyreallyappear.TheidealistempiricismrepresentedbyBerkeleyandHumebelievesthat'existenceistobeperceived'.Berkeleyconcludedthatthereisnothingintheworldexcepttheperceivedspiritualentityandtheperceivedperception;Humefurtherbelievesthatthereisonlyperceptionthatreallyexists,experienceisconstitutedbyperception,andthingsotherthanperceptionareunknowable.Inthe18thcentury,inadditiontothedebatebetweenrationalismandempiricism,therewerealsoagroupofFrenchEnlightenmentthinkersandencyclopedicmaterialistphilosopherswhohadagreaterinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesternphilosophy.Fromtheoverallperspectiveofthesecondstageofmodernwesternphilosophy,ithasthecharacteristicsofmechanicalmetaphysics.
StartingfromKant'sphilosophyattheendofthe18thcentury,modernWesternphilosophyhasenteredthethirdstage.Itiscalled"GermanClassicalPhilosophy"inthehistoryofphilosophy.ThemainrepresentativesareKant,JGFichte,FWJSchelling,andHaigAndFeuerbach.
Philosophicalsystemsthathaveacertaininfluenceinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofworldphilosophy,aswellasNorthKoreanphilosophy,Japanesephilosophy,Pakistaniphilosophy,SriLankanphilosophy,Vietnamesephilosophy,Iranianphilosophy,Arabicphilosophy,Russianandotherregionsphilosophy.
Theyaremoreorlessinfluencedbythethreemajorphilosophicaltraditions,andtheyhavetheirowncharacteristicsofphilosophicalthinking.Amongthem,ArabicphilosophyplayedamediaroleinspreadingAristotle'sphilosophytoWesternEuropeintheMiddleAges.ItalsomadesignificantdevelopmentstoAristotle'sphilosophyandbecameanimportantlinkinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofworldphilosophy.
SchoolsofModernWesternPhilosophy
"SchoolsofModernWesternPhilosophy"refertovariousphilosophicalschoolsthathavebeenpopularintheWestaftertheemergenceofMarxistphilosophy.ItisacontinuationofmodernWesternphilosophy.
Indianphilosophy
ThedevelopmentofIndianphilosophycanberoughlydividedintoancientphilosophy(about3000BCto750AD),medievalphilosophy(750to18thcenturyAD),andmodernFourperiodsofphilosophy(about18thcenturyto1947)andmodernphilosophy(after1947).
AncientIndia
India,thebuddingworldoutlookappearedinthe"Rigveda"eraattheendoftheprimitivecommune.Afterenteringtheslaverysociety,itbegantoformasystematicphilosophy.Theearliestphilosophicalwork"TheUpanishads"alreadyhadtheoppositionalstrugglebetweenmaterialismandidealism.Fromthe10thtothe6thcenturyBC,aftertheformationoftheslavecountryinIndia,thereligiousidealismofBrahmanismfoughtfiercelyagainstmaterialismorthematerialistictrendofSalmonism.Destroyoruselegalmeanstoimposesanctions.
MiddleAntiquity
IntheMiddleAges,religionwasdominant,andthephilosophyoftherulingclasswasincludedintheHindutheologicalsystem.IndiatraditionallyrecognizedtheVedicauthorityinthisperiodofnumbertheory,ThesixphilosophiesofYogaSchool,ShenglunSchool,OrthodoxSchool,VedantaSchool,andMimanchaSchoolarecalledOrthodoxSchools,whichdenytheauthorityofVedicPhilosophy,Buddhism,andJainism.Etc.arecalledunorthodox.Theseschoolscanberoughlydividedintotwocamps:Vedanta,Yoga,MahayanaBuddhism,Madhyamaka,andYoga,whichbelongtoidealism,andShunshi,andnumbertheory,whichbelongtomaterialismorhaveatendencytowardmaterialism.School,ShenglunSchool,ZhengliSchool,MimanChapa,Jainism,andBuddhisminBuddhism.Inthe12thto13thcenturies,afterIslambecamethedominantideologicalsystem,therewasastrugglebetweentheorthodoxscholasticsandtheSufisorthepuresectswithinIslam.
Colonialera
Afterenteringthemodernsociety,manyenlightenmentthinkersinHinduism,undertheinfluenceofWesternphilosophyandscientificthought,criticizedtheorthodoxphilosophyofHinduismandtriedtomakeadifferencetotheworld.Materialismandscientificexplanations;inIslam,manythinkersalsouserationalismornaturalismtogivenewexplanationstotheQuranandtheteachingsofIslam;aftertheintroductionofMarxistphilosophytoIndia,India’sprogressPhilosophersandthinkerswagedconstantstrugglesagainstthevariousideologiesofthefeudallandlordclassandthebourgeoisie.
ModernIndianPhilosophy
WuBaihuipointedoutin"IndianPhilosophy"thatthemostimportantphilosophicaltrendinthefieldofmodernIndianideologyis"NewVedantaism".ItisanewformofVedantaPhilosophyundermodernconditions,followingthemodernline,especiallytherouteopenedupbyBianxi.Itsmaincharacteristicsare:itmorecloselyintegratestheory(ZhiMiManCha)andpractice(YehMiManCha),andemphasizesoninnerintuitiontoobtainpersonaltestimonyoftheAbsoluteBrahma.Onthebasisofinheritingtraditionalthoughtsandtheories,"NewVedantaism"absorbsadvancedscientificthoughtsandphilosophicalthoughtsofWesterncountries,combinedwiththecharacteristicsofmodernIndiansociety,givesVedantaanewinterpretation,andkeepsitintheIndianideologicalcircle.leadingposition.Themostimportantrepresentativesofneo-VedantaismareAurobindoGoss(1872-1950)andRadaKrishnan(1888-1975).
Famousphilosopher
FamousPeople | |
UnitedStates | BenjaminFranklin,ThomasJefferson,JamesMadison,ThomasPaine |
Germany | ImanuelKantGottholdEvlemLessingJohnGottfriedvonHelder·FriedrichSchiller·Moses·Mendelssohn·Hegel·Nietzsche·Schopenhauer·Ludwig·Andres·Feuerbach·KarlHeinrich·Marx |
England | EdwardGibbonSamuelJohnsonMaryWollstonecraftJohnLockeIsaacNewtonThomasHobbsWittgenstein(Birthplace:Austria)BertrandRussellLudwigAndresFeuerbach |
Scotland | JosephBrackJamesBoswellAdamFergusonDavidHumeThomasReedAdamSmith |
France | MontesquieuFrançoisQuesnayVoltaireBoufontJean-JacquesRousseauDenisDiderotElvisJeanLerend'AlembertHolbachMarquisdeSade·Conduce·Descartes·Condiac |
Italy | CaesarBeccariaAntonioGenovesi |
Spain | GasparMeljodeHovillianosAnthonyUlloa |
Portugal | SebastianJosedeCarvalhodeMello,MarquisofPombal |
Poland | IgnatiusKrasicki |
Russia | MikhailVasilyevichLomonosov |
BaiduEncyclopediaThecontentisco-editedbynetizens.Ifyoufindthatthecontentofyourentryisinaccurateorimperfect,pleaseuseyourentryeditingservice(freeofcharge)toparticipateinthecorrection.Gonow>>