Qu Qiubai

CloseErrorCorrection

• WifeYangZhihua

  Anerror1079600hasbeenreported

• FatherQuShiwei

  Error3827124hasbeenfeedbacked

• MotherJinxuan

  Error19605129hasbeenfeedbacked

• Ex-wifeWangJianhong

  Anerror70979961hasbeenreported.

• Step-daughterQuDuyi

  Anerror963926hasbeenreported

• BrotherQuYunbai

  Anerror17512322hasbeenreported.

Character'slife

Youthgotoschool

January29,1899,QuQiubaishengLocatedonthesecondfloorofTianxiangBuilding,BaguitangGarden,QingguoLane(nowNo.82),ChangzhouPrefecture,JiangsuProvince.

Father,QuShiwei,isgoodatpainting,swordsmanship,andmedicine.Heisindifferentbynature,doesnotmanagethefamilybusiness,livesinhisuncle’shouse,anddependsfinanciallyontheassistanceofQuShihu,themagistrateofZhejiang.TheancestorisaprominentfamilyinYixing.

In1904,heenteredaprivateschoolforenlightenment,andin1905hewastransferredtoGuanyingPrimarySchool.Therewasanessayinwhichthehusbandgaveafullscoreandshowedittotheprincipal.Becauseofthegoodwriting,headdedanotherfivepoints.

InthespringofthefirstyearofXuantongoftheQingDynasty(1909),hewasadmittedtothepreparatorycourseofChangzhouFuMiddleSchool(nowChangzhouSeniorMiddleSchoolinJiangsuProvince).AffectedbytherevolutionarythoughtofTuYuanbo,theprincipal.

AftertheRevolutionof1911,QuShihu'suncleQuShihuabandonedhisofficialresidencetoliveinHangzhouandstoppedfundingQuShiwei'sfamily.QuQiubai’sfamilywascaughtineconomicdifficultiesandmovedtotheChengxiTemplealongtheQu’sAncestralHallinTing,wherehelivedonpawnsandborrowedmoney.

Onthefifthdayofthefirstlunarmonthof1916,hismotherJinXuancommittedsuicidebytakingpoison.

Attheendof1916,hewenttoHankouandlivedinthehomeofQuChunbai,acousinwhowasaninterpreterintheBeijing-HanRailwayBureau,andenteredWuchangForeignLanguageSchooltolearnEnglish.

Inthespringof1917,IwenttoBeijingwithmycousin.IoriginallyhadtoapplyforPekingUniversity,butIcouldn'taffordthetuitionandmeals.Participatinginthegeneralcivilserviceexaminationwasnottaken.Later,hewasadmittedtotheRussianSpecialistTrainingCenteroftheMinistryofForeignAffairswherehe"hasnotuitionandhasabackground"tolearnRussian.ParticipatedintheMayFourthMovementin1919.HewasarrestedonJune3andgaveaspeechinthestreet.HewasreleasedonJune8.OnAugust23,theygatheredatXinhuamenwithstudentrepresentativesfromalloverthecountrytoprotestagainstthearrestof"MaLiangandLu"bytheNationalPoliceAgency.OnAugust30,theNationalPoliceAgencyreleasedallpetitionrepresentatives.AftertheMayFourthMovement,hejoinedtheMarxistResearchAssociationinitiatedbyLiDazhaoandZhangSongnian.

LifeinRussia

InAugust1920,hewashiredasaspecialcorrespondentbyBeijingMorningNewsandShanghaiShixinbaotointerviewinMoscow.

OnJuly6,1921,IsawtherevolutionaryteacherLeninintheAndreHallandhadabriefconversationinthemeeting.OnNovember7,1921,onthefourthanniversaryoftheOctoberRevolutioninRussia,Iparticipatedintheworkers'memorialassemblyattheThirdElectricLaborFactoryinMoscow.IsawLeninagainandlistenedtoaspeech.Intheautumnof1921,OrientalUniversityopenedaChineseclass.AstheonlytranslatorinMoscowatthattime,heenteredtheschoolasatranslatorandassistantteacher.TheChineseclasswasorganizedasaseparateclass.ThestudentsincludedLiuShaoqi,LuoYinong,PengShuzhi,RenBishi,KeQingshi,WangYifei,XiaoJinguang,etc.,QuQiubaitaughtRussian,materialistdialectics,politicaleconomy,andactedasaninterpreterforpoliticaltheorycourses.InMay1921,ZhangTaileiintroducedhimtotheCommunistPartyofChina,andinSeptemberhebecameafullpartymember.

Inthespringof1922,heformallyjoinedtheCommunistPartyofChina.

Attheendof1922,ChenDuxiuwenttoMoscowonbehalfoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andQuQiubaiservedasatranslator.

ReturningtoworkinChina

OnDecember21,1922,invitedbyChenDuxiu,heleftMoscowandreturnedtoworkinChina.ArrivedinBeijingonJanuary13,1923.

February1923,partlytranslated"OntheFoundationofLeninism",translatedthepartof"SummaryofLeninism"inStalin's"OntheFoundationofLeninism",April22in"NewYouth"No.1Published.Priortothis,QuQiubaialsowrotearticlesintroducingLenin,theprinciplesandstrategiesoftheCommunistInternational,andthehistoryoftheinternationalcommunistmovement.

Inthesummerof1923,YuYourenandDengZhongxiafoundedShanghaiUniversity,andQuQiubaiwenttoShanghaiUniversityasthedeanofsociology.InAugust,hewroteandpublishedthe"ShanghaiUniversity"thatmodernChinashouldhave,formulatingaplanforthedevelopmentofShanghaiUniversity,envisagedthatShanghaiUniversitywillbecomea"newculturalsportscenterintheSouth",andproceededtoformulateschoolregulationsandrectifythefaculty,Carryingouttheprincipleofcombiningtheorywithpractice,improvingteachingquality,andestablishingbasic-levelorganizationsoftheCommunistParty.Atthesametime,heisalsoinchargeofthepropagandaworkoftheChineseCommunistParty,servingastheeditor-in-chiefofthequarterlymagazine"NewYouth",andatthesametimetheeditor-in-chiefofanothercentralagencypublication"Qianfeng",participatingintheeditingof"Guide".

Attheendof1923,heparticipatedinthedraftingofthedraftdeclarationofthefirstNationalCongressoftheKuomintang.ThedeclarationestablishedthenewThreePeople'sPrinciplespolicyofunitingRussia,unitingtheCommunistParty,andhelpingworkersandpeasants.

OnJanuary20,1924,thefirstNationalCongressoftheChineseKuomintangopenedinGuangzhou.Atthemeeting,hewaselectedasthealternatecentralexecutivememberoftheKuomintang.HerushedbetweenShanghaiandGuangzhoutohandletheissueofcooperationbetweenthetwoparties.

InJuly1924,accordingtoSunYat-sen'sproposal,theKuomintangCentralCommitteeestablishedapoliticalcommitteewithSunYat-senasthechairmanandQuQiubaiasamember.Duringthisperiod,QuQiubaialsoparticipatedintheguidanceworkoftheKMTShanghaiExecutiveDepartmentasanalternateexecutivememberoftheCentralCommittee.Atthesametime,healsoservedastheeditoroftheShanghaiKMTorgannewspaper"RepublicofChinaDaily".

SinceJanuary1925,attheFourth,Fifth,andSixthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,hewaselectedasamemberoftheCentralCommittee,amemberoftheCentralBureauandamemberofthePoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommittee,andbecameoneoftheleadersoftheCommunistPartyofChina.OnMay30,1925,the"May30thMassacre"occurredandledthepatrioticanti-imperialistmovementwithChenDuxiu,CaiHesen,LiLisan,YunDaiying,andLiuShaoqi.OnJune4,theeditor-in-chiefpublishedtheCommunistParty’sfirstdailynewspaper,the“HotBloodDaily”,whichreportedontheanti-imperialiststruggleinShanghaiandthewholecountry.Inthespringof1926,hewasseriouslyillandwashospitalized,andwrotethebook"RussianBourgeoisRevolutionandtheProblemofthePeasants".

OnFebruary7,1927,IeditedQuQiubai'sEssaysbymyself.OnFebruary22,Shanghaiworkerslaunchedthesecondarmeduprising.QuQiubairushedtotheRafadRoadRiotCommandPosttoparticipateinleadingtheuprising.Intheevening,heattendedthejointmeetingoftheCentralandDistrictPartyCommitteesanddraftedthe"PolicyandWorkPlanOpinionsaftertheFebruary22RiotinShanghai"overnightandsubmittedittotheCentralSpecialCommittee.FromFebruary25thtoMarch2nd,attendedthemeetingoftheCentralSpecialCommitteetodiscussthethirdarmeduprisingofShanghaiworkersandputforwardimportantguidingopinions.FromShanghaitoHankouinMarch,responsiblefortheFifthCongress.OnApril11,hewrotetheprefaceforMaoZedong's"InvestigationReportonHunanPeasantMovement".FromApril27thtoMay9th,theFifthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinawasheld.Onthefirstday,ChenDuxiugaveareporttotheCentralCommittee.Onthesecondday,QuQiubaicirculated"ProblemsofControversyintheChineseRevolution",criticizingChenDuxiuandtherepresentativesoftheCommunistInternationalfortheirrightopportunisticmistakes.ElectedasamemberoftheCentralCommittee,amemberofthePolitburo,andamemberofthePolitburoStandingCommittee.

OnJuly12,1927,theCommunistInternationalorderedthereorganizationoftheleadershipoftheCPCCentralCommittee.ChenDuxiuwassuspendedandZhangGuotaoactedasatemporaryagenttopresideovertheworkoftheCentralCommittee.OnJuly13,wewenttoLushansecretlywithBorodintodiscusstheleadershipreorganizationoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandplananarmedriot.HereturnedtoWuhaninthelasttendaysandattendedtheenlargedmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheCentralCommitteeheldonJuly25todiscussandagreetoNanchang'sproposal.OnAugust1stNanchangUprising.OnAugust7th,theCommunistInternationalrepresentativeLuoMinnazpresidedoverameeting(theAugust7thmeeting),formallyremovedChenDuxiu(absent),appointedQuQiubaiasatemporarymemberofthePolitburoStandingCommittee,andpresidedovertheworkoftheCentralCommittee.AfterChenDuxiu,hebecamethesecondhighestleaderoftheCommunistPartyofChina.

InMarchandAprilof1928,theinterimstandingcommitteemadeself-criticism,whichbasicallyendedthenationwideleft-leaningblindmoveerrorinpractice.

HearrivedinMoscowinmid-May1928andhostedtheSixthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinainthetownofZvenigorodontheoutskirtsofMoscowinJune.Afterthat,hecontinuedtostayinMoscowandservedastheheadoftheCCP'sdelegationtotheCommunistInternationalfortwoyears.TheactualdirectleaderoftheCCPinChinawasLiLisanandXiangZhongfa.Inthesummerof1927,MiFuandWangMingfabricatedthe"JiangsuandZhejiangClassmatesAssociation"incident.Inthesummerof1929,WangMingandotherstookadvantageoftheanti-rightistQingpartymovementoftheCommunistPartytosetoffawaveofSunYat-senUniversity,helda"ten-daymeeting"toforma"twenty-eightandahalfBolsheviks",andeventuallyledtothe"disappearanceofQuQiubai'sthirdbrother,JingBai."".

Inthespringof1930,withthesupportoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheCommunistInternational,hewasremovedfromthepositionoftherepresentativeoftheCommunistPartyofChinainMoscowandreturnedtoChinawithhiswife.HewenttoShanghaionAugust26.AttheendofSeptember,theSixthThirdPlenarySessionoftheCentralCommitteewasheldtocriticizetheadventurismlineofsettingupthree.Since"theLisanlinewasnotrecognizedasfundamentallydifferentfromtheinternationalline",thecriticismoftheLisanlinewasnotthoroughenough.

OnJanuary7,1931,underthecontrolofMiff,theFourthPlenarySessionoftheSixthCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinawasheldinShanghai.LiLisanwasexpelledfromtheCentralCommitteeandQuQiubaiwasalsoremovedfromthecentralleadershipposition.Sofar,MifuhasachievedthegoalofcontrollingtheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andWangMinghasalsorisentotheskyinonestep.AftergoingtoMoscowastherepresentativeoftheChineseCommunistPartytotheCommunistInternational,Bogu(QinBangxian)tookoverastheinterimheadoftheCentralCommittee.QuQiubaistayedinShanghaitorecuperate(tuberculosis),didliterarycreationandtranslation,forgedadeepfriendshipwithMaoDunandLuXun,andledtheleft-wingmovement.HewasorderedtoleaveShanghaiin1934.

OnFebruary5,1934,hearrivedinRuijin,thecentralrevolutionarybase,andservedasamemberoftheCentralExecutiveCommitteeoftheChineseSovietRepublic,amemberofthePeople'sEducationCommission,andtheMinisterofEducationoftheCentralGovernmentoftheChineseSovietRepublic.AftertheRedArmydecidedontheLongMarch,theyaskedtojointhearmyintheLongMarch,buttheywerestillleftinRuijin,whichwasabouttofall.

Arrestedforjustice

DuringtheLongMarch,themainforceoftheRedArmy,QuQiubaisufferedfromalungdiseaseandstayedinRuijin,Jiangxitoinsistonguerrillawarfare,andservedasthePropagandaDirectoroftheCentralBureauoftheCommunistPartyofChina.OnFebruary24,1935,inChangtingCounty,FujianProvince,hewasdiscoveredbythelocalreactionaryarmedsecuritygroupandwasarrestedforfailingtobreakthrough.Atthattime,underthepseudonymLinQixiang,hewasadoctorbyprofession.InearlyApril,theEighthDivisionoftheKuomintangcapturedXu,thewifeofWanYongcheng,secretaryoftheFujianProvincialPartyCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,andconfessedthatQuQiubaihadbeencapturedinChangtingCounty.TheKuomintangfoundQuQiubaiamongthecapturedpersonsbasedontheinformationprovidedbyXu.HealsoaskedthecapturedtraitorZhengDapeng,whohadbeenasenderandreceiver,toidentifyinthedark,confirmingthat"LinQixiang"wasindeedQuQiubai.

OnMay9,1935,QuQiubaiwasescortedtoChangting.Duringhisdetention(May23),QuQiubaiwrote"SuperfluousWords",expressingthetwistsandturnsofhisliterati’spoliticalcareer.OnthemorningofJune18,1935,afterfinishingwritingtheperfectpoem,hesettleddowninLuohanlingattheageof36.

Personallife

Familymembers

EmotionalLife

WithWangJianhong

Thefirstlover,WangJianhong,SheisaclosefriendofthefamouswriterDingLingatShanghaiUniversity,asmartwomanofthetimes.In1923,QuQiubaimetandfellinlovewithher,andtheymarriedinlessthanhalfayear.Unfortunately,afteronly7monthsofmarriage,WangJianhongdiedoftuberculosis.

WithYangZhihua

Thesecondwife,YangZhihua,isQuDuyi’smother.BorninXiaoshan,Zhejiangin1900,sheisagentlemaninthefamily.Miss.In1922,YangZhihuawenttoShanghaialonetoparticipateinthewomen'smovement,metXiangJingyu,WangJianhongandothers,andwasadmittedtotheDepartmentofSociologyofShanghaiUniversityattheendof1923.HemarriedQuQiubaionNovember7,1924.

CoachingatShanghaiUniversity

In1923,QuQiubaibecamethedeanoftheDepartmentofSociologyatShanghaiUniversity.Hesaidthat"wemustusesomespiritandtakesomeresponsibilities",andstrivetomakeShanghaiUniversitya"centerofthenewculturalmovementintheSouth",andplannedamagnificentblueprintfortheschool'sfuture:theestablishmentofanacademyofsocialsciencesandanacademyofliteratureandart.SeparateDepartmentofSociology,DepartmentofEconomics,DepartmentofLaw,DepartmentofPhilosophy,DepartmentofHistory,DepartmentofPsychology,DepartmentofEducation;DepartmentofChineseLiterature,DepartmentofEnglishLiterature,DepartmentofRussianLiterature,DepartmentofFrenchLiterature,DepartmentofGermanLiterature;DepartmentofPainting,MusicDepartment,SculptureDepartmentandsoon.Studentsarerequiredtohavebasicknowledge,solidskills,andproficiencyinlanguagetools,suchasthefirstandsecondforeignlanguages,ancientcharacters,andtextualresearchmethods,andsoon.Weencouragestudentstoorganizeassociationsandresearchassociations,expresstheiropinionsfreely,invigoratetheacademicatmosphere,integrateacademicresearchandunderstandingofsociety,andcultivatestudents'abilitytoanalyzeproblemsandworkindependently.HeemphasizedthatShanghaiUniversityshouldbecontemporaryandrevolutionaryinordertoundertaketheimportanttaskoftransformingsociety.

QuQiubaiisdeterminedtoruntheDepartmentofSociology,makingitthelargestdepartmentofShanghaiUniversityandthestrongestandmostactivepositionoftherevolutionaryforces.CaiHesen,YunDaiying,XiaoChunv,etc.havealltaughthere.

QuQiubaisuccessivelyopenedcoursessuchas"ModernSocialPhilosophy","ModernSociology","ModernEthnicIssues","IntroductiontoSocialSciences","NewEconomicPolicy"andothercoursesforShanghaiUniversityandtheSummerSchoolLectureSocietyorganizedbyit..Throughthesecourses,hetaughtthestudentsthebasicknowledgeofalmostallaspectsofMarxistsocialscience,andarmedthestudents'minds.QuQiubai's"ModernSociology","IntroductiontoSocialSciences","SummaryofSocialPhilosophy"andthe"MaterialisticOverviewoftheUniverse"writtenlater,madeoutstandingcontributionstothespreadofMarxistphilosophyandthecreationofChineseproletarianphilosophy.

Mainworks

CharacterEvaluation

QuQiubai,oneofthemainleadersoftheearlyCommunistPartyofChina,agreatMarxist,anoutstandingproletarianrevolutionist,theoristandpropagandist,isaChineserevolutionaryliteraryenterpriseOneoftheimportantfounders.

MaoZedonghighlypraisedhimandsaid:"Inthedifficultyearsoftherevolution,heinsistedonhisheroicstand,andwouldratherwalktotheexecutioner’sbutcher’sknifethangivein.Hisspiritofworkingforthepeople,thisThisunyieldingwillandhisthoughtspreservedinthetextwillliveforeverandneverdie."(MaoZedongComment)

CharacterMemorial

TheQuQiubaiMartyrsMemorialHallwasofficiallyopenedinChangtingonOctober17,2006.TheQuQiubaiMartyrsMemorialHallwasbuiltundertheWestLuohanRidgeofChangtingCounty.Itcoversanareaof​​morethan590squaremetersandabuildingareaof​​990squaremeters.Preparationsbeganin2005.Aftercompletion,itwillbeintegratedwiththeNationalPatriotismEducationDemonstrationBaseQuQiubaiMartyrsMonumentforcentralizeddisplay.ThegloriouslifeofQuQiubai.

OnOctober19,1980,theGeneralOfficeoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaforwardedtheCentralCommissionforDisciplineInspection"ReexaminationReportontheArrestofComradeQuQiubai."The"ReviewReport"pointedout:AfterbeingarrestedbytheKuomintang,ComradeQuQiubaiinsistedontheparty'sstand,maintainedtherevolutionaryethics,anddemonstratedhiscouragetoregarddeathashomeandcalmdown.ItiscompletelywrongtoslanderComradeQuQiubaiasa"traitor"duringthe"CulturalRevolution".Heshouldbecompletelyrehabilitatedandhisreputationrestored.

In1985,itwaslistedasaprovincialculturalrelicsprotectionunit.In1987,itwaslistedasanationalkeymartyrsmemorialbuildingprotectionunit,andin2001,itwaslistedasthesecondbatchofnationalpatriotismeducationbases.

TheQuQiubaiMemorialHallisalsobuiltinChangzhou,Jiangsu.ItwasoriginallytheQuFamilyAncestralHallinthewestofthecity(QuQiubai'suncleQuGengfudonatedmoneytobuilditwhenhewasthegovernorofHubeiduringtheGuangxuperiodoftheQingDynasty).Itcoversanareaof​​1,025squaremeters,dividedintotwoparts.Eachhasfourentrancestothecompound.Duetopoverty,QuQiubai'sfamilylivedintheeastcourtyardoftheancestralhallfrom1912to1916.Therearewellsheusedinthemuseum,aswellaspreciousitemssuchasclothing,brushes,manuscripts,andphotographsheusedduringhislifetime.

Filmandtelevisionimage

The2011movie"TheFoundingoftheParty":XuHaiqiaoplayedQuQiubai;

The2014movie"Storm1927":LiuZhibingplayedQuQiubai;

The2017movie"TheFoundingofanArmy":BaiKeplaysQuQiubai.