Characterlife
RobertSternberg,formerchairmanoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,visitingprofessorofpsychologyatIBM,andTheDepartmentofPsychologyatYaleUniversityisengagedinresearchwork.Heisanauthorityoncreativityintoday'sresearchandenjoysahighreputationintheinternationalacademiccommunity.Hisgreatestcontributionistoputforwardtheternarytheoryofhumanintelligence.Healsodevotedhimselftotheresearchinthefieldsofhumancreativity,wayofthinkingandlearning,andputforwardalargenumberofcreativetheories.
RobertJ.Sternberg(RobertJ.Sternberg,1949-),anAmericanpsychologist,madehisgreatestcontributiontotheternarytheoryofhumanintelligence.Inaddition,heisalsocommittedtotheresearchofhumancreation,thinkingandlearning,andputforwardalargenumberofcreativetheoriesandconcepts.
RobertJ.SternbergisanIBMprofessorofpsychologyandeducationatYaleUniversity.Hisresearchfieldsincludeloveandinterpersonalrelationships,humanintelligenceandcreativity,etc.Hehasreceivedmanyawardsforhisscientificresearch,includingbeingaresearcherattheGuggenheimFoundationandtheNationalScienceFoundation.HeisamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofSciencesandArts,theAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,andtheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.HeisalsoamemberandchairmanoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationofGeneralPsychologyandEducationalPsychology.Sternberg'smostrecentwritingsinclude"TheWayofThinking"and"ThePsychologyofLove",andco-authored"SatisfactioninIntimateRelationships"and"GenderPsychology"(co-editedwithAnnBeer).
TheoreticalResearch
Sternberg's(1985-1988)theoryofintelligenceemphasizestheimportanceofthecognitiveprocessinproblemsolving.Hebelievesthatintelligenceconsistsofthreeparts-components,Experienceandcontext,theyrepresentdifferentaspectsofintellectualoperation.Histheoryofintelligenceisalsoknownasthetriarchictheoryofintelligence.
Headoptstheideaofcognitivepsychology,andbelievesthatthedifferencesinindividualintelligenceareduetotheirdifferentinformationprocessingmethodsforstimulussituations.Sternbergarguedthathumanintelligenceisacombinationofinterconnectedtrilateralrelationsofintelligence,eachsidecanberegardedasthethreecomponentsofintelligence,andthelengthofeachsidevariesfrompersontoperson,thusformingindividualdifferencesinintelligence,threekindsofintelligenceThecomponentsare:
Componentialintelligence(componentialintelligence)referstotheabilityofanindividualtouseknowledgetoanalyzedatainaproblemsituation,throughthinking,judgmentandreasoning,toachieveproblem-solvingability.Itcontainsthreefunctionalcomponents.Oneismetacomponents,whichrefertotheprocessbywhichpeopledeterminethenatureofintellectualproblems,chooseproblem-solvingstrategies,andallocateresources.Forexample,thetimeagoodreaderallocatestoeachparagraphwhenreadingisconsistentwiththeknowledgehewantstoabsorbfromtheparagraph.Thisdecisioniscontrolledbythemeta-componentofintelligence.Thesecondisperformancecomponents,whichrefertotheprocessbywhichpeopleactuallyperformtasks,suchaslexicalaccessandworkingmemory.Thethirdisknowledge-acquisitioncomponents,whichrefertotheprocessbywhichindividualsselectrelevantinformationandintegrateexistingknowledgetoobtainnewknowledge.
Experientialintelligencereferstothecreativeabilityformedbyintegratingdifferentideaswhenanindividualusesexistingexperiencetosolvenewproblems.Forexample,apersonwithexperiencedintelligencecanadapttoanewenvironmentmoreeffectivelythanapersonwithoutsuchintelligence;hecanbetteranalyzethesituationandusehisbraintosolveproblems,eveniftheyhaveneverencounteredthem.Aftersolvingaproblemmanytimes,peoplewithexperienceandintelligencecanstartprogramstosolvetheproblemwithoutthinking,sothatthesavedpsychologicalresourcescanbeusedforothertasks.Somepeoplecandoitquickly,butsomepeoplefinditdifficulttodoit.Thisabilityiscalledempiricalintelligence.
Contextualintelligencereferstotheabilityofanindividualtoapplyknowledgeandexperiencelearnedindailylifetosolvepracticalproblemsinlife.Forexample,people'sabilitytodealwithpracticalproblemsindailylifeisdifferentindifferentcultures.Distinguishingpoisonousandnon-toxicplantsisanimportantabilityoftribalpeopleengagedinhuntingandgathering,whilejobinterviewsareanimportantsituationalintelligenceofindustrializedsociety,andtheirsituationalintelligenceisdifferent.
Sternberg'stheoryissupportedbytheresultsofstudiesonpatientswithbraindamagetothefrontallobe.Forexample,thereisaphysicistwhowasverysuccessfulinthepast.Thefrontallobewasdamagedduetoaccidentalaccident.AlthoughhestillhadahighIQscoreafterhealed,hecouldnotcontinuehiswork.Hecanworkaccordingtotheinstructions(suchasdrivingacar),butlackstheabilitytoadapttotheenvironment.Obviously,thiskindofbehaviorlackssomeimportantcomponentsofintelligence,andthesecomponentsarenotmeasuredbymostintelligencetests.
Theternaryintelligencetheoryisoneoftherepresentativesofcontemporaryintelligencetheory.Itfitswiththedevelopmentofcontemporarycognitivepsychologyandexpandstheconceptofintelligenceintraditionalintelligencetheory.BecausetheIQmeasuredbythetraditionalintelligencetestisonlythecomponentintelligenceinthetrinityofintelligence.Atthesametime,thetheoryisclosertotherealityoflife,whichhelpsustotakeamorecomprehensiveviewofaperson'sintelligence.
Sternberg'slovetriangletheory
Sternbergbelievesthatloveiscomposedofthreeelements:intimacy,passionandcommitment.Accordingtothedifferentcombinationsofthesethreeelements,Sternbergdividesloveintoeighttypes.
NoLove:Ifintimacy,passionandcommitmentaremissing,lovedoesnotexist.Thentwopeoplemaybeacquaintancesratherthanfriends,andtherelationshipbetweeneachotheriscasual,superficial,anduncommitted.
Like:Whentheintimacyishighbutthepassionandcommitmentareverylow,therewillbelove.Loveoccursinafriendshipwithrealclosenessandwarmth,butitdoesnotinspirepassionandtheexpectationthatyouwillspendtherestofyourlifewithit.Ifafrienddoesarousepassion,he/shewillbestronglymissedwhenhe/sheleaves,andtherelationshiphassurpassedloveandbecomessomethingelse.Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwosexes,inthethreefactorsoflove,thereisonlytheintimacyfactor,thetwopartieswhogetalongwillfeelcordial,relaxed,andhaveastrongsenseoftrustintherelationship,whichismanifestedinthesincerefriendshipbetweenthetwosexesinlife.Strictlyspeaking,thiskindofrelationshipcannotbeincludedinlove.Thedifferencebetweenlikingandloveisstrictlydistinguishedbymodernmenandwomen.Therefore,theyoftenstubbornlyaskforaclearanswer:Doyoulikemeorloveme?Ofcourse,thestabilityofthisrelationshipwillchangeduetosubtlechangesintheemotionalfactorsofeitherofthetwo,whichiswhypeopleoftendoubtwhetherthereisatruefriendshipbetweenmenandwomen.
Infatuation:Thereisastrongpassionininfatuation,butlackofintimacyandcommitment.Thisistheexperiencewhenpeoplearearousedbysomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththem.Onlytheenthusiasmfactor.Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwosexes,inthethreefactorsoflove,onlythepassionfactor,thetwosideshavestrongsexualattraction,butlackofmutualunderstanding,lackofmutualtrust,ofcourse,hasnotdevelopedtothestageofcommitment.Individualsininfatuationbelievethatloveneedsnoreason.Ioftenchanthelplessly:Whydoyoupreferyou?Infatuationbeginswithloveatfirstsightinlife.Whetherthiskindofemotionthatisasgorgeousassummerflowersinaninstanthasvitalityanddevelopsintoastableemotiondependsonwhetherthereistheformationofintimacyandcommitmentfactors.
Emptylove:Itisemptylove.Apromisewithoutintimacyorpassionisemptylove.Onlythecommitmentfactor.Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwosexeshasonlycommitment,nointimacyandpassion,itshowsthatthetwohaveonlyresponsibilitiesandobligations,whichisahighlyethicalorhighlyalienatedrelationshipbetweenthesexes.Asfarasloveisconcerned,itisanemptylovewithoutaloveelement.InWesternculture,thiskindofloveisseeninapassion-burningrelationship.Thereisneitherwarmthnorpassion,thereisonlyadecisionleft.However,intheexchangeofotherarrangedmarriages,emptyloveisthefirststageofthespouses’livingtogether,notthelaststage.
Romanticlove:Whenahighdegreeofintimacyandpassionoccurtogether,whatpeopleexperienceisromanticlove.Thecombinationofintimacyandpassion.Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwosexeshastwofactorsofintimacyandpassion,andtherelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesdoesnotneedtobecommittedtomaintain,itisregardedasthemostrelaxedandmostenjoyableromanticlove.Theso-called"nopromise,butyouarecaughtTighter".Romanticlove,ifitlacksthewillingnessorabilitytocommit,isnotrelatedtomarriage.Theso-called"loveiseasyanddifficulttogetalongwith."Oneviewofromanticloveisthatitisacombinationofaffectionandobsession.Peopleoftenmakepromisestotheirromanticrelationships,butSternbergbelievesthatpromisesarenotatypicalfeatureofromanticlove.
Partner’slove:Intimacyandcommitmentcombinetoformloveforanintimatepartner,whichcanbecomeapartner’slove.Whentherelationshipbetweenthetwosexeshasintimacyandcommitment,butlackssexualattraction,theirrelationshiphasbeensublimatedintoaffectionatetrustanddependence.Itislikeasilver-hairedcouplewhohaswalkedthroughalonglifehandinhand.Althoughtheydonothavethepassionofyouth,theyhavedifficulty.Theemotionaldepthdescribedisagoldencompanionwhowillneverleave.Closeness,communicationandsharingareaccompaniedbysufficientinvestmentintherelationship,andbothpartiesstrivetomaintainadeepandlong-termfriendship.Thistypeoflovewillbeconcentratedinalongandhappymarriage,althoughthepassionofyouthhasgraduallydisappeared.
Illusivelove:Thelackofintimacyandcommitmentwillproduceasillyexperiencecalledillusorylove.Acombinationofenthusiasmandcommitment.Whenlovedoesnothavetheintimacyfactorbasedontrust,itisasifthebuildinghasnosolidfoundation,itisanillusorycastleinthesky,anditmaychangeatanytime.Thiskindofloveoccursinawhirlwindofcourtship,wheretwopeoplegetmarriedinanunstoppablepassion,butdonotknoworloveeachotherverywell.Inasense,suchaloverinvestsalotinacrush-risky.
Completelove:Finally,whenintimacy,passion,andcommitmentallcoexisttoaconsiderabledegree,whatpeopleexperienceis"complete",orperfectLove.Thecombinationofintimacy,passionandcommitment.Thetrueperfectloveshouldbebasedontrust,withsexualattractionandappreciationasacatalyst,andcommitmentasaconstraint.Itisrelativelystable,butalsofullofenthusiasmandvitality.Butthisformofloveisdifficulttolastforlong.