Southeast Asia

Geographicallocation

ThegeographiclocationofSoutheastAsiaisofspecialsignificance.Ontheonehand,itisthelowestlatitudeareainAsiaandtheequatorialpartofAsia;ontheotherhand,itisstranglingAsiaandAustralia.Thetransitionzonebetweenthisareaisclearlyreflectedintheclimateandthebiologicalworld;thisareaisalsotheintersectionofthePacificandtheIndianOcean.ThisgeographicallocationgivesSoutheastAsiaahotandhumidclimateandformsalushtropicalforest.Itistheareaandthesurroundingarea.Fundamentaldifferencesinotherregions.SoutheastAsiacanbedividedintotwomajorunitsintermsoftectonictopography,oneistherelativelystableIndia-Malayblock,andtheotheristhenewfoldmountainousareawithrelativelyactivecrustalchanges.Therearetwotypesofequatorialrainyclimateandtropicalmonsoonclimate.Thenaturalvegetationismainlytropicalrainforestandtropicalmonsoonforest,whichcanbedividedintotwosub-regions.

Hemispheredivision:Locatedintheeasternhemisphere,acrossthenorthernandsouthernhemispheres.ConnectingAsiaandOceania.

Latitudeandlongitudeposition:92°E~140°E,10°S~28°26N.MostoftheIndo-ChinaPeninsulahasatropicalmonsoonclimate,andmostoftheMalayIslandshaveatropicalrainforestclimate.

Landandsealocation:LocatedinthesoutheastofAsia.ItborderstheIndianOceantothewest,thePacificOceantotheeast,Oceaniatothesouth,andChinaandIndiatothenorth.

Topography

Harborsandstraits

CamRanhBay

TheGulfofSoutheastVietnam,famousinSoutheastAsiaThenaturalharbourislocatedonthesoutherncoastofPhuKhanhProvince.Theharbouris17kilometersdeepinland,32kilometerslongfromnorthtosouth,andabout16kilometerswide.Itissurroundedbymountains,shieldedbyislandsontheeast,andfacingthedeepsea.Itisanaturalharbour.TheharborisformedbythetwopeninsulasofChongkongMountainandPhoenixMountainintoagourd-shapedinnerandouterbay.JinlanBaycoversanareaof​​60squarekilometerswithawaterdepthgreaterthan16meters.Themouthofthebayisonly1,300meterswide,andthebayis20kilometerslongand6kilometerswide.Itcanberthlargeaircraftcarriersandhasanimportantstrategicposition.

Asearlyas1905,RussianshipsberthedatBaweiandCamRanh.CamRanhwasusedasaFrenchnavalbaseforalongtime.OccupiedbyJapaneseinvadersin1941.In1965,theU.S.ArmyestablishedanairbaseandothermilitaryfacilitiesontheCamRanhPeninsula.AfterVietnam'snationalreunificationin1975,itbecameasubmarinebase.

TheStraitofMalacca

TheStraitofMalaccaislocatedbetweentheMalayPeninsulaandtheIndonesianislandofSumatra.ItisalongandnarrowwaterwayconnectingtheSouthChinaSeaandtheAndamanSea.ThisindirectlycommunicatesthePacificandIndianOceans.ItisnamedaftertheancientcityofMalaccaneartheMalayPeninsula.

TheStraitofMalaccaisalongandnarrowwaterwayextendingfromthenorthwesttothesoutheast,withalengthof1,080kilometers.IftheSingaporeStraitattheeasternexitisincluded,thelengthis1,185kilometers.Thestraitistrumpet-shaped,withawidthof370kilometersattheexitofthenorthwestendandanarrowersectionatthesoutheastwithmanysmallislands.Thenarrowestpointisonly37kilometers.Thebottomofthestraitisflat,andthewaterdepthofthemainchannelisabout25to150meters,increasingfromsoutheasttonorthwest,andgenerallyallows200,000-tonshipstoenterandexit.AstheStraitofMalaccaislocatedneartheequator,thewindisweak,andthestraitisalwayscalmandcalm.Coupledwithacompletenavigationmarksystem,itisverysafetosail.

TheStraitofMalaccaisamajorshippingchannelfromEurope,Africa,theMiddleEast,andSouthAsiatoEastAsiaandOceania.Knownasthe"GibraltaroftheEast".Accordingtostatistics,morethan50,000shipspassthroughthestraiteveryyear,andanaverageofmorethan140shipspassthroughthestraiteveryday,makingtheStraitofMalaccaoneofthebusieststraitsintheworld.ItistheonlywayforSoutheastAsiatoconnectwithSouthAsia,WestAsiaandtheeastcoastofAfrica.SinceJapanimports90%ofitsoilfromAfricaandtheMiddleEasteveryyear,alargeamountofrawmaterialsandexportcommoditiesaretransportedthere,andtheStraitisregardedasJapan's"lifelineatsea."

Becauseoftheimportantstrategicpositionandeconomicvalueofthestrait,itwassuccessivelyoccupiedbyPortugal,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdomandJapansincethe16thcentury.ItwasnotuntilafterWorldWarIIthattheStraitofMalaccawasownedbythecoastalcountries.In2013,theStraitwasjointlymanagedbyMalaysia,IndonesiaandSingapore.

InadditiontotheStraitofMalacca,therearealsosomestraitsbetweenthePacificandIndianOceans,buttheyareeithershalloworreefs,orlackofnavigationaidsduetoremotelocations,andaremostlylocatedintheterritorialwatersofIndonesia.Asaresult,internationalroutesrarelypassthrough,whichmakestheStraitofMalaccaactuallytheonlychannelconnectingthetwooceansforalongtime,makingitofhigheconomicandstrategicimportance.EspeciallysinceJapan’srisetotheworld’sthirdeconomicpowerinthe1960sandtherapiddevelopmentofothercountriesandregionsintheFarEast,thetradevolumebetweentheEastandtheWesthasrisensharply,andtheimportanceoftheStraitofMalaccahasthereforebecomemoreprominent.ThebusynessoftrafficandthecalculationofthequantityofcargocarriedaresecondonlytotheEnglishChannel,rankingsecondamong114navigablechannelsofinternationalsignificanceintheworld.

Locatedatthe"crossroads"ofAsiaandOceania,thePacificandtheIndianOcean,geographiclocationisveryimportant.RelyingontheStraitofMalacca,Singaporevigorouslydevelopsre-exporttradeandhasbecomeanimportantcargodistributioncenterintheworld.

TheStraitofMalaccaattheintersectionofthe"crossroads",exceptforthetwosidesofthestrait,whichenjoy12nauticalmilesofterritorialwatersandsmallislandswithinthestrait,whichalsoenjoyatleast12nauticalmilesofterritorialwaters,therestareexclusiveeconomiczones;TheterritorialwatersoftheStraitsenjoysovereigntyoverthewatersoftheexclusiveeconomiczoneoftheStraits.MalaccaisanimportantshippingchannelbetweenAsiaandEuropeandtheMiddleEast,anditcontrols25%oftheworld'smaritimetrade.Accordingtostatistics,nearlyhalfoftheworld’soiltankerspassthroughtheStraitofMalaccaeveryyear.KnownbytheJapaneseasthe"lifelineatsea."

MalaccaisanimportantshippingchannelbetweenAsiaandEuropeandtheMiddleEast,anditcontrols25%oftheworld'smaritimetrade.Accordingtostatistics,nearlyhalfoftheworld’soiltankerspassthroughtheStraitofMalaccaeveryyear.KnownbytheJapaneseasthe"lifelineatsea."Intheearly1970s,therewere40,000shipspassingthroughtheStraitofMalaccaeveryyear,including7,000inJapanand6,000intheUnitedKingdom.Sincethen,shippinginthestraithasdevelopedagain.From2010to2013,therewerecloseto100,000navigableshipseachyear,especiallytheincreasinglylargeships.SinceJapanbuilttheworld’sfirst150,000-ton-classshipin1966.SinceTokyoMaru,so-calledsupertankerswithlargertonnagehaveemergedinbatches.From2010to2013,asmanyas1,500-1600supertankersof180,000tonsormorepassedthroughtheStraitofMalacca.Suchabusyvoyage,coupledwiththelarge-scaleships,hasmadetheStraitofMalaccanarrower,therebyincreasingtheunsafefactorsinthevoyage.Inaddition,therearemanyshoalsintheStraitofMalacca.Amongthem,asmanyas37haveawaterdepthoflessthan23meters.Inaddition,shipwrecks,quicksand,silt,etc.makethechannelconditionsfrequentlychange,whichincreasesthepossibilityofaccidentsandcausesdamagetocoastalcountries.seriousthreat.Typically,in1975,thereweretwomajoroiltankerstrandingsorcollisions,andatotalof8,900tonsofoilwaslost.In1979,anoiltankercollidedwithanaircraftcarrierandlost10,000tonsofoil,causingseriouspollutioneachtime.

TheKraIsthmus

TheKraIsthmusislocatedinanarrowstripoflandbetweenChumphonandRanongprovincesinThailand.ItisthenarrowestplaceinthenorthernpartoftheMalayPeninsula,withawidthofonly56kilometers.ItisconnectedtotheIndochinaPeninsulainthenorthandtheMalayPeninsulainthesouth.Theareaof​​about400kilometers(7°N-10°N)tothesouthoftheisthmusisThaiterritory.Thenarrowestpointismorethan50kilometers,thewidestpointisabout190kilometers,andthehighestThepointis75metersabovesealevel.Anditseastandwestcoastsarebedrockcoasts,withcalmwaves.WiththeadvancementoftheChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreastrategicpartnership,theKraCanalprojectisexpectedtobecomeareality.TheKaraCanalpreparationteamledbyLiugongGroup,XugongGroup,SanyHeavyIndustryandotherChinesecompanieshasbeguntooperate,andASEAN’s"DiamondDecade"willalsoreceivethebestgift.

Volcanoes

Therearemainly76activevolcanoessuchasMountTamboraandMountMayon.

TamboraVolcano(14photos)

InthenorthofSumbawaIsland,eastofJavaIsland,Indonesia,thereisaTamboraVolcanowhicheruptedin1815Atthetime,theenergyreleasedwasequivalentto80milliontimesthepoweroftheatomicbombthattheUnitedStatesdroppedonHiroshima,JapanattheendofWorldWarII,anditwasthemostviolentvolcaniceruptionknowntomankind.

TheMalayArchipelagoisinaplacewherecrustalmovementisactive.Asthethreemajorplates(thePacificplate,theIndianOceanplateandtheAsia-Europeplate)squeezeagainsteachother,earthquakesareoftentriggered.Whiletheearth'scrustwasupliftingtoformmountains,hotundergroundmagmaalsosurgedupalongthecracksinthegroundanderuptedonthegroundtoformvolcanoes.

OnApril5,1815,MountTamboraonSumbawaIslanderupted.Theeruptingvolcanowasaccompaniedbyaloudbang,continuouslyspewinglargeamountsofashandgasintothesky.Thethickvolcanicashwillcompletelyblackentheskywithinarangeof480kilometersinthenext3days.AtnoononApril12,ontheislandofGuava,afewhundredkilometersawayfromthevolcano,theskywassodarkthatitwasalmostimpossibletoreachout.TamboravolcanostoppedejectinggasandashandpouredfromthecrateronJuly15,1815.Thelavaflowthatcamedownfloodedalargeareaof​​farmlandatthefootofthemountainandthenflowedintothesea,arousingwatermist.Theearthquakeaccompaniedbythevolcaniceruptioncausedthesubmarinecrusttosinkandcausedatsunami.ThehugewaveswallowedthetownofTamboranexttothevolcano.NS.

Intheentireeruptionprocess,theupperpartofthevolcanolost70billiontonsofmountain,formingahugecraterwithadiameterofmorethan6000metersandadepthof700meters.Thevolcanoejectedatotalof60billiontonsofash.Thethicknessofthedepositgraduallybecomesthinnerfromneartofar.Atadistanceof400kilometersfromthevolcano,thevolcanicashisstill22cmthick.

In2013,MountTamborahadanothersmall-scaleeruption.Thisworldrecordvolcanohasbeensleepingallthetime.Perhapsitisaccumulatingpowerforthenexteruption.

Inadditiontothisvolcano,Indonesiahas76activevolcanoes.Therefore,Indonesiaisalsoknownasthe"volcanocountry".

Peninsulasandislands

JavaIsland

JavaIsland(Indonesian:Jawa,English:Java)isIndonesia’spolitical,Theeconomicandculturalcenter.Theislandareaislessthan7%ofthecountry,butitconcentratesmorethan65%ofthecountry’spopulationandindustrialproduction.Thetopographyoftheislandisdominatedbymountainsandhills.Coconutgroves,beaches,tropicalcropplantationsandmanyvolcanoesconstituteabeautifulpicture.Inthemiddleoftheislandistheworld'slargestancientstupa,Borobudur.Accordingtolegend,itwasbuiltbyhundredsofthousandsoffarmersandslavesin15years.Jakarta,thecapitalofIndonesia,islocatedinthenorthwestofJavaIsland,withapopulationofover8million,makingitthelargestcityinSoutheastAsia.

IndochinaPeninsula

TheIndochinaPeninsulaisnamedafteritislocatedsouthofChina.ThenorthernpartoftheIndo-ChinaPeninsulaisconnectedtoChina'smountainsandrivers.Theterrainishighinthenorthandlowinthesouth.Thehighmountainsandriversextendfromnorthtosouth,formingasurfaceformof"mountainsandriversdistributedinseries".IntheIndo-ChinaPeninsula,"mountainsandriversarealternatelydistributedinseries".Thenorthernparthasahigherterrain,andthemountainsspreadoutinapalm-likeshapetothesouth.Thelowerreachesoftheriverandtheestuaryarealluvialplains.MostoftheriversoriginateinsouthwesternChina.Theupperreachesarerushingamongloftymountainsandthewateristurbulent,whichcontainsabundanthydraulicresources;thedownstreamriverswiden,theflowslowsdown,andsedimentdeposits,formingvastalluvialplainsanddeltas.TheMekongisthelargestriverinSoutheastAsiaandthemostflowingthroughcountries.Theplainsanddeltasaredenselypopulatedandhavealonghistoryofdevelopment.TheyareimportantagriculturalareasinSoutheastAsia.ItisanimportantbusinessroutebetweentheShushenPoisonRoadandtheMaritimeSilkRoad.

MalayIslands

TheMalayIslandsarescatteredinthevastwatersbetweenthePacificandIndianOceans,withmorethan20,000islandsintotal.Mostislandshaveruggedterrain,numerousmountains,volcanoes,andearthquakes;theplainsaresmallandmostlydistributedincoastalareas.Indonesia,theworld'slargestarchipelago,hasmorethan400volcanoes,ofwhich77areactivevolcanoes,accountingfor1/6ofthenumberofactivevolcanoesintheworld,andisknownasthe"volcanocountry".TheMalayArchipelagohasruggedterrain,highterrain,andnarrowplainsalongthecoast.ItislocatednearthejunctionoftheAsia-EuropeplateandtheIndianOceanplate.Thecrustalactivityisunstableandthevolcanicseismicactivityisverystrong.Indonesiaisthecountrywiththemostvolcanoesintheworld.TheislandofJavaisrichinvolcanicashandthesoilisfertile.

SumatraIsland

Thesixthlargestislandintheworld,thesecondlargestislandinIndonesia,secondonlytoKalimantan(Borneo),andthelargestintheworldArchipelago-oneoftheislandsoftheGreaterSundaIslandstowhichtheMalayArchipelagobelongs,itseconomicstatusissecondonlytoJavaIsland.ThenortheastfacestheMalayPeninsulaacrosstheMalaccaStrait,theIndianOceantothewest,theSouthChinaSeatotheeastandtheislandofJavatothesoutheastandtheislandofJava.

KalimantanIsland

KalimantanIsland(KalimantanIsland),alsotranslatedasBorneo,Borneo(Borneo),isthethirdlargestintheworldIsland,partoftheMalayArchipelago.ItislocatedinthemiddleoftheMalayArchipelagoinSoutheastAsia,withSumatratothewest,Sulawesitotheeast,JavaSeaandJavaIslandtothesouth,andtheSouthChinaSeatothenorth.

Sulawesi

Sulawesi,partoftheMalayArchipelago,isalargeislandineasternIndonesia.Theislandhasapeculiarshape,extendingfromfourpeninsulastothenorth,northeast,southeastandsouth.Withmanymountainsanddeepvalleysandfewplains,itistheislandwiththelargestproportionofmountainousareainIndonesia.

NewGuinea

NewGuinea,partoftheMalayArchipelago,isthelargestislandinthePacificOceanandthesecondlargestislandintheworld(SecondonlytoGreenland),alsoknownasIrianIsland.TheeasternislandoftheMalayArchipelagoislocatedinthewesternPacificOceanandnorthernAustralia.ItislocatedonthesouthsideoftheequatorintheWesternPacificOcean,adjacenttotheMalayArchipelagoinSoutheastAsiatothewest,andfacingthenortheastoftheAustralianmainlandacrosstheArafuraSeaandtheCoralSeatothesouth.

MountainPeak

CarstenszPyramid,PuncakJayainIndonesian,wasformerlyknownasPuntjakSukarno,GunungCarstenszorMountCarstensz.Alsoknownas"PluPeak".ItisamountainlocatedinPapuaProvince,Indonesia.ItisthehighestpeakinOceaniaandthehighestislandpeakintheworld.Itis5,030metersabovesealevelandcoveredwithsnowandiceallyearround.

Rivers

BecausethenorthernpartoftheIndochinaPeninsulaistheQinghai-TibetPlateauwithanaverageelevationof4to5kilometers,mostriversonthepeninsulahaverapidwaterflowandhydropowerprojectscanbeconstructed.

MekongRiver

TheMekongRiverisanimportantinternationalriverinSoutheastAsia.ItoriginatedfromtheLancangRiverinChinaandflowsintotheIndochinaPeninsulaandwascalledtheMekongRiver.Themainstreamhasatotallengthof4,880kilometers,atotaldrainageareaof​​811,000squarekilometers,andanannualrunoffof463.3billioncubicmeters,rankingfirstamongriversinSoutheastAsia.Amongthem,about1,200kilometersisthenationalboundaryriver,includingtheChina-Burma,Myanmar-Lao,andLao-Thaisectionsoftheboundaryriver.

TheMekongRiveristhemostimportanttransnationalwatersysteminAsia.Asiaflowsthroughthecountrythemostrivers,the9thlongestriverintheworld.ThemainsourceisZhaqu,whichoriginatedinZaduoCounty,YushuTibetanAutonomousPrefecture,QinghaiProvince,China.ItflowsthroughChina,Laos,Myanmar,Thailand,CambodiaandVietnam,andflowsintotheSouthChinaSeainHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.ExceptforChinaandMyanmar,thebasinsareallmemberstatesoftheMekongRiverCommission.TheupperMekongRiverisinChinaandiscalledtheLancangRiver,andthelowerdeltaisinVietnam.SinceVietnamhas9outletsoutoftheSouthChinaSea,itiscalledtheJiulongRiverinVietnam.

TheIrrawaddyRiver

TheIrrawaddyRiverisoneofthelargestriversinIndochinaPeninsulainAsiaandthelargestriverinMyanmar.InancientChina,itwascalledtheGreatJinshaRiverandLishui.Itsriversourcehastwobranches,theeastsourceiscalledEnmeiKaijiang,whichoriginatedfromthesouthernfootoftheBosulaMountaininChayuCounty,China(calledtheDulongRiverinYunnan,China),andthewesternsourceMailiKaijiangoriginatedinMyanmarThenorthernmountains.

SalweenRiver

SalweenRiver(Salween),ariverinSoutheastAsia,alsoknownasDanlunRiver,thepartthatflowsthroughChinaiscalledNuRiver.

Climate

Tropicalscenery

SoutheastAsiaislocatedinthetropics,andmostoftheIndo-ChinaPeninsulahasatropicalmonsoonclimate.Therearedryandrainyseasonsthroughouttheyear.ThecropsareaverageSowintherainyseasonandharvestinthedryseason.MostareasoftheMalayArchipelagohaveatropicalrainforestclimate,withhightemperatureandrainallyearround,anddensetropicalrainforestsaredistributed.Cropsaresownatanytimeandharvestedinallseasons.

SoutheastAsiahasdenseprimitivejungles,beautifultropicalbeaches,numeroushistoricalsites,anduniquecustoms.Theyattracttouristsfromallovertheworldwiththeiruniquecharm.TourismhasbecomeSingapore,Thailand,andMalaysia.Importantindustriesinothercountries.

Distribution

10°N-10°Sistropicalrainforestclimate;10°N-20°Nisdominatedbytropicalmonsoonclimate;thereisasmallareaof​​alpineplateauclimateinthenorthernpartofIndochinaPeninsula.

Naturalresources

Mineralresources

PetroleumandtinarethemainmineralsinSoutheastAsia.Hereistheworld'slargesttinorebelt,andtheoutputoftinoreinMalaysiaranksfirstintheworld.IndonesiaisanimportantexporterofoilandnaturalgasinSoutheastAsia.

Tropicalcashcrops

SoutheastAsiaistheworld’slargestproduceroftropicalcashcropssuchasrubber,oilpalm,coconutandabaca.Malaysiaistheworld'slargestpalmoilproducerandexporter,Thailand'srubberproductionranksfirstintheworld,andthePhilippinesistheworld'slargestproducerofcoconuts.

Foodcrops

RiceisthemainfoodcropinSoutheastAsia.Ithasalonghistoryofplantingandismainlydistributedinfertileplainsanddeltaregions.Thisisthemostimportantrice-producingareaintheworld.Thailand,MyanmarandVietnamarethemostimportantrice-producingandexportingcountriesintheworld.

Vegetation

Tropicalrainforestclimate:southernMalayPeninsulaandmostoftheMalayIslands;vegetation:tropicalrainforest.

Tropicalmonsoonclimate:IndochinaPeninsulaandnorthernPhilippineIslands;Vegetation:tropicalmonsoonforest.

Populationandreligion

Population

SoutheastAsiaisoneofthemostdenselypopulatedregionsintheworld,withatotalpopulationof625million(2014).Thepopulationfeatureisdenselypopulated,withmanyChineselivinginconcentratedcommunities.Thepopulationismostlydistributedintheplainsandestuarinedeltas.SoutheastAsiancountriesaremulti-ethniccountries,withmorethan90ethnicgroupsintheregion.Theraceismainlyyellow.SoutheastAsiaisalsooneoftheregionswiththehighestconcentrationofforeignChineseandoverseasChineseintheworld.

Religion

Philippines

RomanCatholic(80%),Islam(5%),Christianity(Evangelical)(2.8%),ChristChurch(2.2%),IndependentPhilippineChurch(2%),otherChristiandenominations(3%),others(Philippinesprimitivefaith,MahayanaBuddhism,Judaismandnon-religiouspeople)(5%)

Vietnam

MahayanaBuddhism(81%),RomanCatholicism(5%),TheravadaBuddhism(2%),CaoDaiism(1%),Protestantism(1%),others(animism,Harmony,Islamandnon-religiouspeople,etc.)10%

Cambodia

TheravadaBuddhism(95%),Islam,Christianityandanimism(5%)

Laos

TheravadaBuddhism(65%),animism(32.9%),Christianity(1.3%),others(0.8%)

Thailand

TheravadaBuddhism(94.6%),Islam(4.6%)),Christianity,etc.(0.8%)

Myanmar

TheravadaBuddhism(89%),Christianity(4%),Islam(4%),Animism(1%),Others(2%)

Malaysia

Islam(58.4%),MahayanaBuddhism(22.2%),Christianity(9.1%),Hinduism(6.1%),animism(5.2%)

Singapore

Buddhism(42.5%),non-religiouspeople(15%),Islam(15%),Protestantism(10%),Taoism(8%),RomanCatholicism(4.5%),Hinduism(4%),others(1%)

Indonesia

Islam(86.1%),Protestantism(5.7%),RomanCatholicism(3%),Hinduism(1.8%),others(Buddhismandnon-religiouspeople)(3.4%)

Brunei

Islam(67%),Buddhism(13%),Christianity(10%),other(primitivebeliefs)Etc.)(10%)

EastTimor

RomanCatholic(90%),Islam(5%),Protestantism(3%),others(Buddhism,Hinduism,etc.)(2%)

Countries

SoutheastAsiaiscomposedoftheIndochinaPeninsulaandtheMalayIslands.Thereare11countries,including:

Vietnam(capitalHanoi),

Laos(capitalVientiane),

Cambodia(capitalPhnomPenh),

Thailand(capitalBangkok),

Myanmar(thecapitalNaypyidaw),

Malaysia(capitalKualaLumpur),

Singapore(capitalSingapore),

Indonesia(capitalJakarta),

Brunei(capitalSriBagawanCity),

Philippines(thecapitalManila),

EastTimor(thecapitalDili)(May20,2002,theDemocraticRepublicofEastTimorwasformallyestablished),

ExcludingtheSouthChinaSeaZhudao,mostoftheSouthChinaSeaisChina'sexclusiveeconomiczone,andtheSouthChinaSeaZhudaoisChineseterritory,notinSoutheastAsia.

CountriesintheworldareusedtocallingthefivecountriesofVietnam,Laos,Cambodia,Thailand,andMyanmarthe"landcountries"or"peninsulacountries"inSoutheastAsia.

Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,Brunei,andthePhilippinesarereferredtoasthe"maritimecountries"or"islandcountries"inSoutheastAsia.

In1967,a"groupofcountries"appearedinSoutheastAsia.Thisisthe"AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations"("ASEAN"forshort).Ithas10membercountriesandanareaof​​about4.47millionsquarekilometers.,Withapopulationofabout560million.

Thereareabout33.486millionoverseasChineseandethnicChineseintheregion,accountingforabout6%ofthetotalpopulationofSoutheastAsia,andabout73.5%ofthe45.43millionoverseasChineseintheworld.Amongthem,thenumberofChineseimmigrantsandtheirdependentswhoenteredSoutheastAsiaafterthe1980swasatleast2.5million.Therearealsomorethan2millionIndiansandmorethan1millionimmigrantsfromothercountries.

SoutheastAsiaisoneofthemostdynamicandpotentialregionsforeconomicdevelopmentintheworldtoday.

Economy

Developmentandproblems

SoutheastAsiancountriesexceptSingaporearealldevelopingcountries.SoutheastAsiancountrieshaveabundantnaturalresourcesandhumanresources,whichprovidegoodconditionsforeconomicdevelopment,andhaveformedanagriculturalareatypedominatedbymonsoonpaddyfarmingandtropicalplantations.Buttheeconomicstructureisrelativelysimple.Sincethe1960s,countrieshavedevelopedaneconomicdevelopmentmodelthatcombinesanexport-orientedmarketeconomywithstateintervention.Themaincontentsinclude:

1.Vigorouslydevelopthemanufacturingindustry.Generally,priorityisgiventothedevelopmentoflabor-intensivelighttextileindustryandassemblyindustrywithfastcapitalturnover;

2.Expandtheproductionandexportofagriculturalandmineralproducts.

SoutheastAsiaisoneofthemostdynamicandpotentialregionsforeconomicdevelopmentintheworldtoday.TheeconomiesofSoutheastAsia,exceptSingapore,areallbackward.Inthefuturenewworldpoliticalandeconomicstructure,SoutheastAsia'sroleandstrategicpositioninpoliticsandeconomywillbecomemoreimportant.SoutheastAsiaisChina'ssouthernneighbor,andhasbeenChina'sindispensableplacetotheworldsinceancienttimes.Inhistory,mostcountrieshavefriendlyexchangeswithChinaandhaveclosepolitical,economic,andculturalrelations.Inthelonghistoryofexchanges,theChinesepeopleandthepeoplesofSoutheastAsiahaveforgedadeepfriendship.InthefuturehistoryIntheprocess,withtherapideconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogressofChinaandSoutheastAsiancountries,bilateralandmultilateralfriendlyandcooperativerelationswillalsoenterahistoricalperiodofcontinuousdevelopmentandcloser.

Economicdifferences

Theeconomicdevelopmentleveloftheregionisquitedifferent.

Singaporeisprosperingandprogressing.Thestandardoflivinghasreachedthestandardsofdevelopedcountries.Theeconomyisdominatedbyservice,finance,technology,shipping,logistics,andtourism.Itisalsoactivelydevelopinghightechnologyandeducation.

Vietnam,thePhilippines,andIndonesiaarerelativelybackwardeconomies,andtheireconomiesfocusontourism,basicmanufacturing,agricultureandfisheries.

Thailand,Vietnam,andMyanmarareimportantrice(rice)exportersintheworld.

Indonesiaisanimportantoilexporter.MalaysiaandBruneialsoproducemoreoil.

Thailand,Malaysiaandothercountrieshavethehighesttinproductionintheworld.

Indonesia,Thailand,andMalaysiaareallmajorrubberproducingcountries.

Tropicalcrops

Mainly:rice,rubber,coconut,abaca,oilpalm

Others:jute,tea,coffee,cocoa,sugarcanetea,tobacco,Pepper,frozenfish,frozenshrimp,mungbean,quinine,kapok,palmoil,sandalwood,shellac,cottonandvarioustropicalfruits

distribution

Thereare11countriesinSoutheastAsia:

Vietnam:Thecashcropsincludenaturalrubber,jute,sugarcane,coffee,tea,tobacco,pepper,etc.

Laos:Economiccropsincluderubber,coffee,shellac,andcotton.

Cambodia:Economiccropsincluderubber,pepper,cotton,tobacco,sugarpalm,sugarcane,coffee,andcoconut.

Thailand:Economiccropsincluderubber,sugarcane,mungbean,hemp,frozenfish,frozenshrimpandvarioustropicalfruits.

Myanmar:economiccropsincludecotton,jute,rubber,sugarcane,tobacco,coffee,etc.

Malaysia:Agricultureisdominatedbycashcrops,mainlyrubber,oilpalm,pepper,cocoaandtropicalfruits.

Singapore:Singaporeisasmallcountrywithpoornaturalresources,almostnomineraldeposits,andnoimportantcashcrops.

Indonesia:mainlyrubber,coffee,palmoil,coconut,sugarcane,pepper,quinine,kapok,tealeaves,etc.

Brunei:Thereisasmallareaof​​rice,aswellastropicalcropssuchasrubber,pepper,andcoconut.

Philippines:Coconut,sugarcane,manilahempandtobaccoarethefourmajoreconomiccropsinthePhilippines.

EastTimor:Thecashcropsincludecoffee,rubber,sandalwood,coconutandsoon.

Importanttropicalcashcropproductionbase

Thailand,Vietnam,andMyanmarareimportantriceexportersintheworld.

Malaysiaistheworld'slargestpalmoilproducer.

ThePhilippinesistheworld'slargestproducerofabacaandexporterofcoconuts.

Thailandistheworld'slargestproducerofnaturalrubber.

Indonesiaistheworld'slargestcoconutproducer.

Rubberandoilpalm

Thelatexsecretedbytherubbertree,afterbeingcutfromthetree,afterprocessing,canbemadeintoindustrialnaturalrubber,Syntheticrubberwasinventedinthe1960s,butthequalityisnotasgoodasnaturalrubber.RubbertreesfromSoutheastAsiawereintroducedfromSouthAmericaintheearly20thcentury.

Thepulpandkernelofoilpalmarerichinoil.Amongvariousoilcrops,itisknownasthe"kingoftheworld".Theoilsqueezedfrompalmkernelsiscalledpalmoil.

Advantageousconditionsforagriculture

Inthesameperiodofclimate,rainandheat,vastterrainandplains,fertilesoil,sufficientwatersources,convenienttransportationandabundantlaborresourcesarefavorablefactors.

Becauseclimaticconditionsshouldbethemostbasicamongthemanynaturalconditions,non-tropicalareaswilldefinitelynotgrowtropicalcashcrops.

AsthemaintropicaleconomiccropsinSoutheastAsia,oilpalm,rubber,cinchona,etc.aresuitableforplantinginplainareas-andsomesuchasteatreesaresuitableformountainousareaswithgooddrainageconditions,buttheyarenotinSoutheastAsiaThemaincrops.

Inthesenaturalconditions,theinvestmentcostofclimateandterraintransformationistoohigh(climatetransformationiscommonlyusedingreenhouses,andterrainiscommonlyusedinterraces),whichhasbecomethefirstchoiceforgrowingtropicalcashcrops.Soilimprovementiseasier,andSoutheastAsia,whichiswetandrainy,hassuperiorwaterconditions.

PolicytowardChina

ChinahasestablisheddiplomaticrelationswithallASEANmembersandbecameacomprehensivedialoguepartnerofASEANin1996.Inrecentyears,China-ASEANrelationshavedevelopedsmoothly,withfrequenthigh-levelexchangesandincreasinglyclosepoliticalrelations.InDecember1997,PresidentJiangZeminattendedtheASEAN-China,Japan,andSouthKoreasummitinformalmeetingandheldaseparatemeetingwithleadersofASEANcountries.Thetwosidesissuedthe"China-ASEANSummitJointStatement",whichdeterminedthedirectionandguidingprinciplesoftheChina-ASEANpartnershipofgood-neighborlinessandmutualtrustinthe21stcentury.InDecember1998,VicePresidentHuJintaoattendedthesecondChina-ASEANLeadersInformalMeetingheldinHanoi.InNovember1999,November2000andNovember2001,PremierZhuRongjiattendedthethirdmeetinginthePhilippines,thefourthmeetinginSingapore,andthefifthChina-ASEANLeaders’MeetinginBrunei.

AttheFifthChina-ASEANLeaders’Meeting,thetwosidesagreedtoestablishaChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreawithin10years,andauthorizedeconomicministersandseniorofficialstostartnegotiationsassoonaspossible.PremierZhualsoproposedtoidentifyagriculture,informationindustry,humanresourcedevelopment,andthedevelopmentoftheMekongRiverBasinaskeyareasofcooperationbetweenChinaandASEANatthebeginningofthenewcentury,whichwasendorsedbyASEANleaders.InordertosupporttheASEANintegrationprocess,PremierZhuannouncedthatitwillprovidespecialpreferentialtarifftreatmenttothethreeleastdevelopedcountriesamongtheASEANmembers,namelyLaos,MyanmarandCambodia.

ChinaandASEANalsoholdannualforeignministers’meetings,seniorofficials’consultations,andsenioreconomicofficials’meetings.ThetwosideshaveestablishedamechanismfortheMinisterofTransport.Inaddition,thetwosideshaveadialogueframeworksuchastheChina-ASEANJointEconomicandTradeCommittee,theChina-ASEANJointCommitteeonScienceandTechnology,theChina-ASEANJointCooperationCommitteeandtheASEANBeijingCommittee.InNovember2001,theChina-ASEANBusinessCouncilwasestablished.

ChinaandASEANstartedthedialogueprocessin1991.Aftermorethan20yearsofjointefforts,thepoliticalmutualtrustbetweenthetwosideshasbeensignificantlyenhanced,economicandtradecooperationhasachievedremarkableresults,andcooperationinotherareashasbeencontinuouslyexpandedanddeepened.China-ASEANrelationsarefullofvitalityandhavebroadprospectsfordevelopment.

In2010,theChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreawasfullycompleted.

ChinaisASEAN’slargesttradingpartner,andASEANisChina’sthirdlargesttradingpartner.

In2013,thebilateraltradevolumereachedUS$443.6billion.

In2014,thetwosidesagreedtostartnegotiationsontheupgradedversionoftheChina-ASEANFreeTradeArea.

TheChina-ASEANExpoandtheBusinessandInvestmentSummithavebeenheldinNanning,Guangxieveryyearsince2004.TheyhavebeensuccessfullyheldfortentimesandhavebecomeanimportantplatformforChina'seconomicexchangeswithASEANcountries.

In2015,thesigningceremonyoftheoutcomedocumentsoftheChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreaupgradenegotiations.

OnNovember22,2015,PremierLiKeqiangoftheStateCouncilandtheleadersofthe10ASEANcountrieswitnessedtheoutcomedocumentmarkingthecompleteendoftheChina-ASEANFreeTradeAreaupgradenegotiationsattheKualaLumpurInternationalConventionCenter.ThesigningceremonyoftheProtocolbetweentheRepublicandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsontherevisionofthe"China-ASEANComprehensiveEconomicCooperationFrameworkAgreement"andsomeoftheagreementsthereunder.

In2016,mutualinvestmentbetweenthetwopartiescontinuedtoadvance.

AsoftheendofMay2016,thecumulativetwo-wayinvestmentbetweenChinaandASEANhasexceeded160billionU.S.dollars.ASEANisthemaindestinationforChinesecompaniestoinvestabroad.Chinesecompanies’investmentmainlyinvolvestrade,logistics,construction,energy,Manyfieldssuchasmanufacturingandbusinessservices.

Travelmatters

1.EachpersoncantakenomorethanUSD5,000orotherforeignexchangeandRMB20,000toleavethecountry.

2.ThetemperatureinSoutheastAsiancountriesisaround33℃.Pleasebringsummerclothesandalong-sleevedjacket.

3.ThefoodinSoutheastAsiancountriesishotandsour.Pleasebringasmallamountofmedicine.

4.Guestswithmotionsicknessorseasicknessbringtheirownmotionsicknessspirit.

5.PleasebringyourIDcardwhenyouleavethegroup(pleasebringyourbirthcertificateoraccountbookwhenyouaretravelingwithyourchild);ifyouareacompatriotfromHongKongandMacao,youmustalsobringthe"HomecomingPermit"or"HomecomingCard",TaiwanCompatriotsalsocarrythe"TaiwanCompatriotPermit"forboardinginspection.

6.Ordinaryautomaticcamerascanbetakenoutofthecountrybythemselves.Fordigitalcameras,high-endprofessionalcameraswithinterchangeablelenses,videocameras,andlaptops,pleaseregistertoexitthecountrytoavoidtaxationwhenreturningtoChina.

7.WhenvisitingtheGrandPalaceinThailand,womencannotwearsleevelesstops,skirtsandtrousersshouldbeaslongastheankles,andmencannotwearshortsorslippers.

8.WhenvisitingGentingHighlands,Malaysia,gentlemenarerequestedtowearlongtrousersandclothingwithcollars,butnoopen-toedshoes.Ladiesshouldnotwearoverlyrevealingclothes,suchassuspenders.

9.WhenenteringSingapore,eachpersoncanonlybringonepackofcigarettes.Thosewhochewchewinggumshouldpayattentiontopublichealthtoavoidbeingfined.

10.Accordingtocustomsregulations,itisprohibitedtobringbackhomeprintedmaterials,VCDsandotheritemsthatareharmfultoChina’spolitics,economy,culture,andmorals.

11.YoucanbringtwocigarettesandabottleofwinewhenyoureturntoChina.Freshfruitsandvegetablescannotbebroughtbacktoyourcountry.ReturningthroughHongKong,youcanbringacigaretteandabottleofwinewhenyouenterHongKong.

12.Valuablesanddocumentsmustbecarriedwithyou,pleasedonotputtheminyourluggage,andyouwillberesponsibleforloss.

13.Pleasetakegoodcareofyourtraveldocuments.Ifyoulosethem,youneedtogothroughtheformalitieslocally.TheborderinspectionwillimposeafineofRMB500-2000whenyouenterthecountry.

14.Beachswimmingisariskyactivity.Guestsshouldbringtheirownswimsuitsandchoosewateractivitiesaccordingtotheirownconditionsandpayattentiontosafety.

15.Generalhotelscanuse220volts(Thailand:two-pinflat-pinplug,SingaporeandMalaysia:Britishthree-pinplug).

16.Itisveryconvenienttoexchangeforeigncurrencieslocally.Majorbankshaveforeignexchangepointsinairports,touristattractionsandlargeshoppingmalls.

17.IfChinaTelecom’smobilephoneisenabledforinternationalroaming,itcanbeusedinSingapore,Thailand,andMalaysia.ForacalltoChina,dialinthefollowingorder:[+]+[86]+[areacode]+[Telephonenumber](basedonroamingtothelocaloperator)

18.UnionPaycards(cardnumberstartingwith62)havebeenopenedin10countriesinSoutheastAsia.Amongthem,mostoftheduty-freeshops,restaurants,hotels,etc.inIndonesiacanacceptUnionPaycards;over80%ofmerchantsinVietnamacceptUnionPaycards;over60%ofmerchantsinSingaporeacceptUnionPaycards,andATMsarebasicallycovered;Malaysia,Thailand,thePhilippines,andVietnamATMcoverageaccountsforabout90%,andthenumberofmerchantsisincreasing.