Spring and Autumn

Introductiontothework

Accordingtosomeliteraryworks,sincetheWesternZhouDynastyatthelatest,therehavebeenrecordsofnationaleventsinTaishi."SpringandAutumn"isarecordofthehistoriansoftheStateofLuwhorecordedalargenumberofdisrespectfulandindecentincidentsoftheprinces,doctors,andpeopleofthecountryatthattime;thehistorianoftheStateofLuwillalsocollectthedisrespectfulandindecentincidentsofotherprinces,stateofficials,anddoctors.Thecontentsofthelettersintheinterveningperiod,suchastheletterofJinShuxiangandZhengGuozichanaboutcastingthepenalty,whichrecordedthekillingoftheofficialhistorianofQiStatebecauseofthefactthattherecordwaskept,andsoon.

Atthebeginningofeachseason,itisgenerallynecessarytowritetheseasonsfrom"spring"to"winter".Itissaidthattheancientcalendarhasspringandautumnfirst,followedbywinterandsummer.Therefore,thenationalhistoryrecordiscalled"ChunQiu",whichmaybetheoriginof"ChunQiu"asthenameofhistorybooks.Theexisting"SpringandAutumn",fromtherecordofLuYingongtoLuAigong,thetwelvegenerationsofmonarchs,counts244years(accordingto"GongyangBiography"and"GuliangBiography"tothe14thyearofAiGong,itistwoOnehundredandforty-twoyears,"ZuoZhuan"istwomoreyears),itisbasicallytheoriginaltextofthehistorybooksoftheStateofLu.

Accordingtolegend,thebook"ChunQiu"waswrittenbyConfucius.Intheolddays,therewasasayingthat"theKingofWenplayedZhouyiandZhongNiufortheSpringandAutumnPeriod".Butlatergenerationsalsohavedifferentopinions.YuanGufangoftheQingDynastysaidin"TheSpringandAutumnCalligraphy":"TheSpringandAutumn",LuShialso.ThebooksofLuShi'sfamilywererecordedandstoredbyConfucius,soastopassthelettertolatergenerations.ShiYunyu's"FirstDraftoftheIndependentSchool:OntheSpringandAutumnPeriod"alsosaid:"TheSpringandAutumnPeriod"isalsoanoldarticlebyLuShizhi."TheSpringandAutumn"hasatotaloftwelveevents,whichlasted240years,andtherearedozensofpeoplewhoholdthepenandthebook.Withthesedozensofpeople,thefamilyistheirownteacherandthepeoplearelearningbythemselves.Howcantheircalligraphybethesame?AlthoughtheauthoroftheSpringandAutumnPeriodiscontroversial,itisnodifferentafterbeingrevisedbyConfucius.Infact,asahistorybookoftheLuKingdom,Chunqiu'srolehaslongbeenbeyondthescopeofhistorybooks.TheuseofwordsandsentencesintheSpringandAutumnPeriod"Zizizhenbian"hasbecomeauniquestyleofwriting,knownastheChunqiustyleofwriting,andhasbeenregardedasaclassicbyhistoriansofthepastdynasties.

The"SpringandAutumn"recordsarethemajoreventsofvariouscountriesintheSpringandAutumnPeriodformorethan240years.Theexistingfulltextisonlymorethan16,000words.Quoting"ChunQiuShuo",itissaidtobe18,000characters(ZhangShuosee"HistoricalRecords·TaiShiGongZiPreface·JiJie"quotes,XuShuosee"GongYangZhuan·ZhaoGongTwelveYears"quotes),see"ChunQiu"Theoriginaltext,morethanathousandwordshavebeenrevealedsincetheThreeKingdoms."Manyimportanteventshavebeenmissed.

Creativebackground

ThereasonwhyConfucius"madetheSpringandAutumnPeriod"isrecordedinthehistoricalrecords:LuSikou,theprincesharmedthem,thedoctorsthwartedthem.Confuciusknewthatthewordswerenotused,andtheTaowasnotgood,rightandwrong,inthe242years,hethoughtthattheworldwasinappearance,degradedtheemperor,retiredtheprinces,askedthedoctor,andmadetheking.Comeon.'Thesonsaid:'Iwanttocarryemptywords,itisbettertoseethedeepunderstandingoftheaction.'"SimaQianhighlyrespectsthe"SpringandAutumn":"FuChunqiu,followthewayofthethreekingsofMing,andfollowthedisciplineofdistinguishingpersonnel,don'tSuspicion,knowrightandwrong,hesitate,goodandevil,virtuousandinferior,surviveandsubjugatethecountry,followthepeerless,makeupforthewaste,andthekingisalsothegreat...Beforeithappens,afterthelawisapplied;thelawiseasytosee,andtheritualisdifficulttoknow.

Academiccircleshavedoubtsaboutthehistoricalvalueof"ChunQiu".HuShibelieves:"Thebook"SpringandAutumn"canonlybereadasareferencebookforConfucianism,butnotasamodelhistorybook.Laterhistoriansmadeabigmistakewhentheyregarded"TheSpringandAutumn"asamodelofhistory.why?Becausethepurposeofhistoryisto'tellthetruthandrecordthefacts'.Thepurposeof"SpringandAutumn"isnottorecordfacts,buttowritepersonaljudgmentsoffacts."Mr.XuFuguanalsosaid:"ItcanbeconcludedthatConfucius'motivesandgoalsforcompiling"TheSpringandAutumn"arenotintheso-called"historicalscience"today,butinthesolemnmissionofusingancientgoodhistorytoreplacethejudgmentofGodwiththejudgmentofhistory.Itcanbesaidthatthisisamissionabovehistory,soitisnothistorybutclassics."

However,thehistoricalrecordsdidnotcastdoubtonthehistoricalrecordsof"ChunQiu".In"ChunQiuZuoZhuanJiJie·Preface",DuYusaid:"ZhongNiiswrittenbecauseofLuShi'sbook.Itsauthenticity,andtheceremonyisbasedonZunZhou'slegacy,andthenextisthelawofthefuture."ZhuXisaid:"Thesagewrote"TheSpringandAutumn",buthewrotethematterstraightandhesawgoodandevil."

Thestyleofwritinghistoryin"ChunQiu"isdifferentfrom"HistoricalRecords."SimaQianclearlypointedout:"Yu'sso-calledstorytelling,tidyingupthehistory,isnotaso-calledwriting,butJunismoreridiculousthanChunQiu."Butthe"micro-speakingandgreatmeaning"in"SpringandAutumn"doesnotmeanthatits"words"areinaccurate.ZhangJinghuahasthisevaluation:"If'goodhistory'and'factualrecords'representthebasicprinciplesofancienthistoriography,'micro-speakingandgreatmeaning'meansItrepresentsthehigheststateofancienthistory."Perhapsbecauseofthis,"ZuoZhuan"willsay:"Thetitleof"SpringandAutumn"issubtleandobvious,aspirationalandobscure,gracefulandwell-formed,notdirty,punishevilandpersuadegood,whoisnotasaint,whocancultivateit?"

Natureofthework

The"SpringandAutumn"byConfuciusisapoliticalworkthatcontainstheauthor’sprofoundpoliticalthought.AftertheHandynasty,JinwenConfucianismdeclined,andscholarsweremostlyinfluencedbytheviewsoftheancientConfucianclassics,andbegantoregard"Chunqiu"asahistoricalwork,whichtriggeredalong-standingdisputeoverthenatureof"Chunqiu".

Withregardtothequestionofwhether"SpringandAutumn"isahistoricalworkorapoliticalwork,thefollowingthreeviewshavebeenformedoverthepastthousandyears:

1. TraditionalpresentThescholarsofliteraryandclassicsbelievethat"TheSpringandAutumn"isapoliticalwork.ThosewhoholdthisviewincludePiXiruifromtheQingDynasty,XuFuguan,LuSimian,HuShi,etc.;

2. TheviewpointsofancientScripturescholarsandmodernscholarsofthe"AncientHistoryDiscrimination"schoolbelievethat"TheSpringandAutumnPeriod"isahistoricalwork.Thisview;

3. Thereconciliationtheory,thatis,"TheSpringandAutumnPeriod"is"alsotheclassicsandthehistory."ThosewhoholdthistheoryarelikeQianMuandLeiGe.ItissaidthatQianMubelievesthat"SpringandAutumn"isa"familystatementofbothclassicsandhistory"becauseofthedifferencebetweenancientnoclassicsandhistory.Thedistinctionbetweenclassicsandhistoryisaconceptthatonlyfuturegenerationshave.

"Ifwemustsaythat"TheSpringandAutumn"isaclassicbutnotahistory,thisisreallyonlytheopinionoffuturegenerations,anditisnotpainfultouseittoarguefortheancientworks."However,aboutthe"historicalhistory"Mr.ZhongZhaopengoncespecificallyanalyzedthispointinanarticleinthe1960s,andclarifiedtheviewthatancientChineseclassicsandhistoryaredifferentandthathistoryprecedesclassics.

Laterinfluences

Nomatterhowyouconsiderit,thepioneeringworkof"SpringandAutumn"isindisputable.

Itschronologicalstyleisoneofthethreemajorstylesofhistoriography.Thesecondistosetthetimeforeachother",settingagoodexampleforgenerationsandfollowingothers,"ZiZhiTongJian"isbestknownasthebest.

Itsprivatepracticehasbrokentheofficialmonopolyonhistory.,Hasbecometheforerunnerofthecontroversyofahundredschoolsofthought.Inthe"Twenty-SixHistory",asmanyasone-thirdoftheprivatepractitioners,itcanalsobesaidthatitwasledbyit.

Itsspringandautumnstyleofwriting,Regardlessofhowmanyfuturegenerationspiercedandattachedtothemeetingplace,thereisnodoubtthatthehistoricalspiritdisplayedbyititselfisbraveandfearless,uprightandselfless.

ThehistoryofChinacancontinuetothisday,andThebreathoftenacityendowedbyConfuciusatthebeginningiscloselyrelated.Thesageiswithered,andthe"SpringandAutumn"isnotold.Therearemanypeoplewholovetoread"TheSpringandAutumn."ThesageisGuanYu.Youdon’thearacouplet,andthereissomethingaboutit:Confucius,MasterGuan,MastersoftheWorld;>

Whydon'tyoulearnfromEmperorGuanandread"SpringandAutumn"atnight!

ThreeBiographyofSpringandAutumn

Becausethetextof"ChunQiu"istooconcise,itisnoteasyforfuturegenerationstounderstand,sointerpretationworkshaveappearedoneafteranother,explainingandexplainingtherecordsinthebook,called"biography".Amongthem,ZuoQiuming's"ChunQiuZuoShiChuan",GongYangGao's"ChunQiuGongYangChuan",andGuLiangchi's"ChunQiuGuLiangChuan"arecollectivelycalled"ChunQiuSanChuan"andareincludedintheConfucianclassics.

Currently,theoriginaltextof"Chunqiu"isgenerallycombinedinto"ZuoZhuan"as"jing",andthenewcontentof"ZuoZhuan"is"zhuan".Accordingto"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi",thereare5contributorstotheSpringandAutumnPeriod:

30volumesof"ZuoZhuan";

11volumesof"GongyangBiography";

Elevenchaptersof"GuliangBiography";

11volumesof"Zou'sBiography";

11volumesof"JiaShiBiography".

Thelasttwoofthemnolongerexist.GongyangZhuanandGuliangZhuanwerewrittenintheearlyWesternHanDynastyintheofficialscript,calledJinwen.TherearetwokindsofZuoZhuan.OneiswritteninancientfontsbeforetheQinDynastyinthewallsofConfucius’sformerresidence,calledGuwen;theotherishandeddownfromXunQingduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.

Theemphasisof"ThreeBiographyofSpringandAutumn"isdifferent.Thetwobiographyof"Guliang"and"Gongyang"focusontheinterpretationofthe"micro-speakingandgreatmeaning"in"ChunQiu",while"ZuoZhuan"focusesonthesupplementofhistoricaldetails.

Mr.LiXueqinconfessed:"Ifyouarelookingfor'SpringandAutumnDays',youshouldlookfor"Gongyang"and"Guliang".Ipersonallythinkthatinacertainsense,thispointmustbeadmittedtoday.Becausethestudyof"Gongyang"and"Guliang"willdefinitelyprovideuswithanunderstandingofmanyimportantpointsofConfucianism,whichmaynotbedoneby"ZuoZhuan"."

Contemporaneoushistorybooks

"Mencius·LiLou"said:""ThePoetry"diedandthen"Chunqiu"waswritten.Jin's"Cheng",Chu's"Yanglu",Lu's"Chunqiu",Yiye."

Atthattime(theWarringStatesperiod),thehistorybooksofthevassalstatesweregenerallycalled"ChunQiu","butLuiscalled"ChunQiu",withoutapropername,butJinandChuhavetheirownpropernames.······"SpringandAutumn"isacommonname."

ArchaeologicalDiscoveries

ItwasreportedinFebruary2019thatmorethan5,200bambooslipswereunearthedfromthetombofHaiyunhou.AfterinterpretationbyexpertsDiscovertheConfucianclassicsandtheirteachingsincluding"ChunQiu".Therearemorethan100copiesof"TheSpringandAutumn"ofHaiyun.ThereareZuoZhuan,GongYangZhuanandGuLiangZhuancirculatingintheWesternHanDynastytoannotatethe"ChunQiuJing".

Basedonthepreliminaryjudgmentofmorethan20bambooslipswithcleartext,theresearcherscanseethatthecontentofthesimpletextsismostlyfoundinthecurrenteditionof"TheStoryofGongyang"and"Guliang",andsomeareonlyfoundin"TheStoryofGongyang".By.Itscontentandsentencesaredifferentfromthecurrentversion,andsomearenotseeninthecurrentversion.

Haihun'ssimplifiedversionof"Chunqiu"iscloselyrelatedto"ChunqiuGongyangBiography".GongyangstudiesprevailedintheHandynasty,anditwasevenusedasthebasicprincipleofgoverningthecountryforaperiodoftime.ThefirstdiscoveryoftheChunqiuJingzhuaninuneartheddocumentsprovidedtheearliestphysicalobjectsoftheChunqiuJingzhuanandprovidedvaluableinformationforunderstandingthisperiodofhistory.