Wordconcepts
Basicinformation
Title:Phonetic
Pinyin:yǔyīn
Phonetic:ㄧㄩˇㄧㄣ
Basicexplanation
[speechsounds;pronounciation]Thesoundoflanguage;thesoundmadewhenspeaking.
Citationexplanation
1.Theaccentofspeaking."TheBiographyofSouthernHistory·HuXie":"Theemperor(EmperorQiWu)asked:'TheQingfamily'svoiceisnotcorrect?'XieZhireplied:'Therearefewpalacemembersandmanyministersandfamilies.Thepalacepeoplesuddenlybecameutterances."Theemperorlaughed.""Ancientandmodernnovels·WangXinyisaveshisfamilyfromthedead":"OnedayontheTaishangLake,undertheboatSudi,IcansmellTokyopeople'svoice."
2.Thesoundofreadingortalking.Volume119of"ZhuZiYuLei":"Becauseofchantingthechapterof"Questioning"byZiZhang,thepronunciationissingular.""ADreamofRedMansions"Chapter81:"Justlistentooneandsay:'Lookathimifhecomesup.'LikeLiWen'svoice."ZhuZiqing,"CivilizationinaShip":"Iknowsheis'coming'whenIheardherslendervoice."
Basicmeaning
Acollectionofvoicepictures(15photos)
Voicereferstohumanvoicesthathaveacertainmeaningandareusedforsocialcommunication.Amongthethreebasicattributesoflanguage,voice,andmeaning,voiceisthefirstattribute.Humanlanguageisfirstformedintheformofvoice.Thereisnolanguageintheworld,butthereisnolanguagewithoutvoice.Voiceisinlanguage.Playadecisivesupportingrole.Speechisthesoundoflanguage,anditisthecarrierofthelanguagesymbolsystem.Itisemittedbythehumanvocalorgansandcarriesacertainlinguisticmeaning.Languagereliesonvoicetorealizeitssocialfunctions.Languageisasymbolsystemthatcombinessoundandmeaning.Thesoundoflanguageiscloselyrelatedtothemeaningoflanguage.Therefore,althoughlanguageisakindofsound,itisfundamentallydifferentfromordinarysounds.Voiceisthesoundwithdistinguishingmeaningandfunctionemittedbyhumanvocalorgans.Voicecannotberegardedasapurenaturalsubstance;voiceisthesymbolsystemthatmostdirectlyrecordsthinkingactivities,andisthesoundformoflanguagecommunicationtools.
Thephysicalbasisofspeechmainlyincludespitch,intensity,length,andtimbre,whicharealsothefourelementsofspeech.Pitchreferstothefrequencyofsoundwaves,thatis,thenumberofvibrationspersecond;soundintensityreferstothemagnitudeofthesoundwaveamplitude;tonelengthreferstothedurationofsoundwavevibration,alsocalled"duration";tonecolorreferstothecharacteristicsandessenceofthesound,alsocalledAs"soundquality".
Thehumanvocalorgansandtheiractivitiesarethephysiologicalbasisofspeech.Thehumanvocalorgansaredividedintothreeparts:
(1)Respiratoryorgans,includinglungs,tracheaandbronchi.Thelungsarethecenteroftherespiratoryorgansandthebasisforgeneratingvoicepower.
(2)Thelarynxandvocalcordsarethevibratorsofpronunciation.
(3)Theoralcavity,pharyngealcavity,andnasalcavity,theyareallsoundingresonators.
Theconnectionbetweenspeechandsemanticsisagreedbypeopleinlong-termlanguagepractice.Thiscombinationofsoundandmeaningreflectstheimportantsocialattributesofspeech.
Features
Therearethreedifferencesbetweenvoiceandvariousothersounds:
First,itisemittedbythehumanvocalorgan;
p>Second,differentvoicesrepresentdifferentmeanings;
Third,itsroleisinsocialcommunication.Themaindifferenceliesinthefactthatspeechrepresentsacertainsemantics,whichisits"sociality".
Nature
Firstly,speechhasphysicalproperties.Itisaphysicalphenomenonlikeallsoundsinnature;secondly,ithasphysiologicalproperties,whichareemittedbyhuman'sphysiologicalpronunciationorgans.;Thirdly,ithassocialattributes,andthephonetichasameaningfunction,whichisendowedbysociety.
Physicalproperties
Allsoundsaremadebythevibrationofanobject.Theobjectvibratesandoscillatestheairaroundittoformsoundwaves.Thesoundwavesdiffuseandstimulatethehumanauditorynerve.Iheardthesound.Anysoundiscomposedoffourelements:pitch,intensity,length,andtimbre,andthesameistrueforvoice.
1.Pitch
Theheightofthesound.Itdependsonthefrequencyofthesoundwave,thatis,thenumberoftimesthesoundbodyvibratespersecond.Ifthenumberofvibrationsislarge,thefrequencyishigh,thesoundishigh,andviceversa.Thesizeofthefrequencyisrelatedtothelength,thickness,andtightnessofthevocalbody(vocalcords).Thevocalcordsareshort,thin,andtight.Theaudiofrequencyisloudwhenpronounced,andthevoiceishigh,andviceversa.Forstringedinstruments,thestringsarethinandshort,andthepitchishigh;thestringsarethickandlong,andthepitchislow.Thevocalcordsofwomenandchildrencanvibrate150-300timespersecond,andadultmen'svocalcordscanvibrate60-200timespersecond.Thevoiceishighwhenapersonisemotional,andlowwhenthemoodislow.Theheightofaperson'svoiceisadjustedbycontrollingthetightnessofthevocalcords.
ThetoneandintonationofChinesearemainlydeterminedbypitch.Suchas:mom,hemp,horse,curse,ma,clothes,shift,chair,meaning."It'shim?""It'shim."
2,soundintensity(volume,tone,soundweight)
Thestrengthofthesound.Itisproportionaltotheamplitudeofthesoundwave.Amplitude:Theamplitudeofthesoundingbody'svibration,thatis,themaximumdeviationofthegasparticlesfromtheequilibriumposition,whichisproportionaltothesizeoftheairpressure.Thestrengthofthevoicedependsontheamountofforceusedwhenspeaking.Iftheforceislarge,theexhaledairwillhaveastrongimpactonthevocalcords.Iftheamplitudeislarge,thevoicewillbestrong,andviceversa.Forexample,thestringlengthofahuqinremainsthesame.Ifyoupullithard,thesoundwillbestrong;ifyoupullitlightly,thesoundwillbeweak.Drumming:vigorously,thedrumsoundisstrong;onthecontrary,thedrumsoundisweak.
SoundintensityhasthefunctionofdistinguishingthemeaningofawordandacertaingrammaticalfunctioninChinese.Themeaningscanbedistinguishedfromthesoftsoundandtheaccent,whichismainlydeterminedbythesoundintensity.Suchas:report-report,practice-practice,authentic-authentic,lotus-curtain,revenge-remuneration,theaddedwordsarereadsoftly,andthemeaningsofthewordsbeforeandafteraredifferent.Thelogicalstressofasentenceisplacedindifferentpositions,andthesemanticfocusoftheexpressionisdifferent.Forexample,"IamgoingtoNanjingthisafternoon",theaccentsareplacedon"I,today,afternoon,Nanjing",andthemeaningisdifferent.
3.Soundlength
Thelengthofthesounddependsonthedurationofthesoundingbodyvibration.Thevibrationtimeislong,thesoundislong,andviceversaisshort.
Pitchlengthcandistinguishmeaninginsomelanguages.SuchaseatanditinEnglish.Cantonese:Three[sa:m],heart[sam].InMandarin,ashort"ah"soundmeansaresponse,andalongsoundmeansthinking.
4.Tone(soundquality,timbre)
Thecharacteristicsandpersonalityofthesound,Itcanalsobesaidtobetheessenceofsound.Itiscausedbythedifferentzigzagformsofsoundwaveripples,andisthebasicfeaturethatdistinguishesaphonemefromotherphonemes.
Therearethreemainconditionsthatcausedifferenttimbres:
a.Differentpronunciationstyles.Forexample,windinstruments,stringinstruments,andpercussioninstrumentshavedifferentsounds.DiziandErhuplaythesametune.Peoplecantellwhichisthesoundofthefluteandwhichisthesoundoftheerhu.Thepronunciationbodyofthefluteistheflutemembrane,thepronunciationbodyoftheerhuisthepythonskin,andthepronunciationbodyofthehumanisthevocalcords.
b.Differentpronunciationmethods.Thesameisastringedinstrument,andthepronunciationofthehandslingandthebowaredifferent.Thepronunciationmethodsofplosives,fricatives,andaffricatesarealsodifferent.
c.Theshapeoftheresonatorisdifferent.Resonance:alsocalledresonance,astaticsoundingbody,whenitencountersasoundwiththesameorsimilarfrequencyasitsvibrationfrequency,itwillbeinfectedandpronounced.Thisphenomenoniscalledresonance.Thisinfectedandvibratingsoundingobjectiscalledaresonator.Musicalinstrumentsandhumanvocalorgansallusecavitiesasresonators.Thedifferentpronunciationoffluteandxiaoismainlybecauseofthedifferentresonators.Thesametuningforkisinsertedintodifferentresonanceboxesandthepronunciationisdifferentwhenhitting.Bbreathesoutfromthemouth,mbreathesoutfromthenasalcavity.Theshapesofthemouthandthenasalcavityaredifferent.Thepronunciationof[а]and[i]aredifferentbecauseofthedifferentshapesoftheresonatorsformedinthemouth.Whenblowingsuona,openingthetwohandstogetherinanarchshapeisalsochangingtheshapeoftheresonatortoformadifferentsound.
Thedifferentvoicesofeachpersonaremainlycausedbydifferenttimbres.Thelength,tightness,andthicknessofeachperson'svocalcordsaredifferent(pronunciationbody),thesizeandshapeofeachperson'smouthandnasalcavityaredifferent(resonators),thestrengthofeachperson'sspeech,themethodofluck,andthecontroloftheoraltongueWaitfordifferent(pronunciationmethods),thusformingeachperson'svoicecharacteristics,whichisjustlikethemusicofaninstrument.
Physiologicalproperties
Thehumanvocalorganscanbedividedintothreemajorparts:①lung,trachea,bronchi-thepowerpart.Theairexhaledfromthelungsreachesthelarynxthroughthebronchiandtrachea,vibratesthevocalcords,andproducessound.②Vocalcords—pronunciation.Thevocalcordsaretwothinfilmslocatedinthemiddleofthelarynx.Theairflowexhalesfromthelungsandpassesthroughtheglottis.Theimpulsevocalcordsvibrateandpronounce.Thethickness,elasticity,size,andlengthofeachperson'svocalcordsaredifferent.Thisisoneofthereasonswhyeveryonespeaksdifferently.③Oralandnasalcavity-resonator.Theshapeandsizeofeachperson'smouthandnasalcavityaredifferent,whichisoneofthereasonswhyeveryonespeaksdifferently.Thesoftpalateanduvulaintheoralcavityarethe"valves"thatcontroltheoralcavityandnasalcavity.Thesoftpalateanduvuladescendandpressonthebaseofthetongue.Whenpronounced,thenasalcavityresonates,suchasm,n,andng.Thesesoundsarecallednasalsounds.Thesoftpalateanduvularisetoblockthenasalcavity,andtheoralcavityproducesresonanceduringpronunciation,suchasa,o,e,i,etc.Thesesoundsarecalledaccents.Therearesevengroupsofaccentsandnasalsoundsintheconsonants:
Thepairoflipscanproduceb,p,m,threeconsonants,calledbilabial;theupperteethandthelowerlipcanproducef,1Consonantsarecalledlabiodental;thetipofthetongueandthebackoftheupperteethcanproducez,c,ands,and3consonantsarecalledpretongues;thetipofthetongueandtheupperalveolarcanproduced,t,n,l,4consonants,Itiscalledthemidtoneofthetongue;thetipofthetongueandthefrontpartofthehardpalatecanproducezh,ch,sh,r,4consonants,calledtheposteriorsoundofthetongue;thetonguesurfaceandthehardpalatecanproducej,q,x,3consonants,calledLingualsound:Thebaseofthetonguecooperateswiththesoftpalateanduvulatoproduceg,k,h,ng,4consonants,calledtherootsound.Vowelsareaccents.Changingtheshapeofthisresonanceintheoralcavitycanproducedifferentvowelsounds.Therearethreemainwaystochangetheoralcavity:thefrontandback,theheightofthetongue,thatis,theopeningandclosingoftheoralcavity,andtheroundornotroundlip.
SocialNature
Speechhasasemanticfunction,whichdistinguishesspeechfromothersoundsinthenaturalworld.Therefore,thesocialnatureofspeechisitsessentialattribute.Theattributeofspeechismanifestedinthefollowingaspects:
Thefixednatureofthecombinationofsoundandmeaning.Whatsoundmeans,andhowtoexpressit,isdeterminedbythemembersofsocietywhouseacertainlanguage.Thatis,the"significant"and"signified"oflanguagearedeterminedbysociety.Forexample,gōngshìtwosyllablescanrepresentofficialaffairs,fortifications,formulas,offensives,palaces,andtǔdòu(Potato)andmǎlíngshǔ(Potato)representthesamething.ThecombinationofthesesoundsandmeaningsisagreeduponbyChinesespeakers.
Thesystematicnatureofvoice.Phonemes,numberofphonemes,combinationsofphonemes,variouslanguagesanddialectshavetheirownsystems.Fromthephysicalandphysiologicalattributes,itisthesamephoneticphenomenon,butithasdifferentmeaningsindifferentphonology.Forexample,nandlareaphonemeinthephoneticsystemofsomeChinesedialects,and"femaleguest"and"traveler"arehomophones.MostlanguagesoftheSino-Tibetanfamilyhavetones.Aspiratedornon-aspiratedcanbedifferentinChinese,butnotinEnglish.Thepandtinparkandstudentarepronouncedasaspiratedornon-aspiratedsounds,buttheydonotsoundauthenticandhavenodifferentmeaning.TheChinesetanddcandistinguishmeanings.
Applicationofvoice,thewayofpronunciationisdifferentinmusicperformance,suchastreble,midrange,bass,etc.
Basicelements
Pitch
Pitchreferstoavarietyofdifferenthighandlowsounds,thatis,theheightofthesound,oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofthesound.Theheightofthesoundisdeterminedbythevibrationfrequencyofthesoundingbody,andthetwoaredirectlyproportional:thefrequencyofvibrationismore,thesoundis"high",andviceversa,thesoundis"low".
(1)Thelevelofsound.Determinedbythefrequencyofsoundwavevibration.Ifthefrequencyishigh,thepitchishigh;ifthefrequencyislow,thepitchislow.Pitchisoneoftheelementsofspeech.ThechangeofpitchinChinesehastheeffectofdistinguishingthemeaningofwords.Forexample,thetonesofthefourcharacters"mother","ma","horse",and"bo"aredifferent,thatis,thepitchisdifferent.
(2)Theterminologyofmusicacoustics.Referstothecharacteristicsofhearingtodistinguishthepitchofmusic.
Soundintensity
Alsoknownasvolume,itistheintensity(loudness)ofthesound.Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofsound.Thestrengthofthesoundisdeterminedbytheamplitudeofthebody'svibration(amplitudeforshort)duringthesound.Thetwoareindirectproportion.Thelargertheamplitude,thestrongerthesound,andviceversa.
Tonelength
Tonelengthreferstothelengthofthesound,whichisdeterminedbythedurationofthesoundbodyvibration.Ifthesoundbodyvibratesforalongtime,thesoundwillbelong,andviceversa,itwillbeshort.
Soundcolor
Soundcolorreferstotheperceptualcharacteristicsofsound.Thelevelofthefrequencydeterminesthetoneofthesound,andthemagnitudeoftheamplitudedeterminestheloudnessofthesound.However,wecanstilldistinguishthematerialandstructureofdifferentgeneratorsthroughthetimbreofthesoundproducedbydifferentobjects,andthetimbreofthesoundproducedisalsodifferent.Thetimbreisthecharacteristicofthesound.Accordingtodifferenttimbre,eveninthesamepitchandthesamesoundintensity,itcanbedistinguishedfromdifferentinstrumentsorhumanvoices.Thesamevolumeandtonewithdifferenttonesarelikethesamechromaandbrightnesswithdifferenthues.
Thedifferenceintimbredependsondifferentovertones.Thesoundproducedbyeachinstrument,differentpeople,andallobjectsthatcanproducesound,inadditiontoafundamentaltone,isaccompaniedbymanydifferentfrequenciesofovertones.Theseovertonesdeterminetheirdifferenttimbres,allowingpeopletodistinguishthesoundsmadebydifferentinstrumentsorevendifferentpeople.Everyonehasadifferenttimbreeveniftheyspeak,soyoucandistinguishdifferentpeoplebasedontheirvoices.
Transmissionprocess
Thevoicesignalistransmittedfromonepartytotheother,andithaspassedthroughthethreelinksofpronunciation-transmission-perception,whichcorrespondtothephysiology-physics-psychologyofspeech.Thethreeattributesarestudiedbythethreedisciplinesofphonology-acoustics-auditoryphonetics,markingtheprogressofpeople'sresearchonspeech.
Putonghua
Putonghuahas410non-tonesyllables,andabout1,200toneshaveothersyllables.IfyouuseMandarin,youcanpressthesametone(equivalenttoMandarinwithouttone,410Peoplecan'tunderstandsuch"Putonghua"whentheyspeak,therefore,410phonetictypescannotsupporttheexistingnumberofChinesecharactersusedinPutonghua.Putonghuaspokenindifferenttones(1200phonetictypes)canbeheardalmostwithoutobstaclesinnon-fineexpressionsituations,whileinfineexpressionsituations(suchasreadingTangpoemsandSongCi),Putonghuahasalmostnoaudibility.ThenumberofChinesecharactersusedinfineoccasionsandnon-fineoccasionsisexactlydifferent.ThisclearlyshowsthatthephoneticsystemofthelanguageMandarindoesnothavetheabilitytosupporttheentireChinesecharactersystem.RegardlessofanyChinesedialect,thenumberofChinesecharactersthatitsphoneticsystemcansupportshouldbethreetimesthetotalnumberofphonetictypes.Thebasisis:asimpleststandardsentencecontainsthreecomponentsofsubject,predicateandobject.IfthisIfeachofthethreecomponentsappearshomophonic,thesentencemustnotbeaudible.BecausewhentheusageofChinesecharactersinaChinesedialectisthreetimesthetotalnumberofphonetictypes,onaverage,eachphoneticmustbear3differentsemantics.Afterbeingassignedtothissimpleststandardsentence,thesubject,predicate,andobjectwillbeused.Thismakestheentiresentencecompletelylosetheuniquenessofthelogicalconcept,andalsolosestheabilityofthebrain'serrorcorrectionmechanismtoanalyzeandcorrectthehomophonicmixedmeaning,sothatthespeechcannotbeunderstoodbythelistener.Therefore,thecrediblecalculationresultis:Mandarin,aChinesedialect,cansupportupto4,500Chinesecharacters.