Basicexplanation
Onehourofaworker’sworkisoneworkinghour,whichistheunitoftimeforcalculatingtheamountoflaborintheindustry.
Definition
Workinghoursmeansthataworkerworksonehourasoneworkinghour.Thespecificmeaningofworkinghours,dependingonthesituation,canhaveseveralsituations:Fortasks,itreferstothetotalnumberofpeoplerequiredtocompletethetask;forworkallocation,itreferstotheamountofworkinghoursallocatedtoresources;forresources,itreferstothecompletionofallThetotalamountofworkhoursallocatedtotheresourceforthetask.
Workinghours:Itisdefinedbyhowmuchtimeittakesaqualifiedoperatortocompletethework.Itincludesthreeaspects:
1.Processtime,suchastesting,reinforcement,etc.
2.Basictimeandmanualworktime
3.Timegeneratedbypersonalfactors,suchasmentalfatigue,personalphysicalfatigue,etc.
TheworkinghoursaremeasuredthroughObtainedbythefollowingmethods,suchasstopwatchmethodandMTMmeasurementmethod.Measuringworkinghourscanplaythefollowingroles:
1.Itisastandardforstudyinglaborandproductioncapacity
2.Itcanimproveandincreaselaborproductivity
3.YesAsthebasisformanagers’decision-making
Statisticalindicators
Statisticalindicatorsreflectingworkinghoursgenerallyinclude:
1.Calendarworkinghours,whichmeansallavailabletimeduringthereportingperiod(Includingpublicholidaysandholidays).
2.Thesystem’spublicholidayhoursrefertothestate(orenterprise)stipulatedpublicholiday,andthesumofthenumberofdaysemployeesshouldrestduringtheholidays.
3.Systemworkinghoursrefertotheworkinghoursrequiredbythestateforemployeestowork,thatis,8hoursadayor40hoursaweek.
4.Suspendedhoursreferstothehoursthatemployeesareunabletoworkduetosomereasons(suchasinsufficientpower,overhaulingequipment,etc.)withinthespecifiedworkinghours,andtheemployeesaretransferredtoothernon-jobsaftertheystopworking.Thenumberofworkinghoursforworkornon-productivework.
5.Absenthoursreferstothehourswhenemployeesarerequiredtoparticipateinworkaccordingtoregulations,butduetotheirownreasons(suchassickness,maternityleave,personalleave,etc.).
6.Non-productiveworkinghoursrefertoworkinghoursthatperformstateorsocialobligations,oraredeterminedtoengageinothersocialactivitiesbytheenterprise,butarenotengagedintheworkoftheenterprise.
7.Overtimeworkinghours,Referstotheactualworkinghoursofemployees,includingovertimeworkinghours,workinghourswhenworkingoutsidetheenterpriseonbusinesstrips,andworkinghourswhenemployeesaretemporarilytransferredtootherwork.
Calculationmethod
1Attendanceworkinghours:theproductoftheactualnumberofpeopleattendingandthedailystandardworkinghours(8hours)
2,theaidedworkinghours:theproductofthenumberofpeoplereceivingsupportandtheactualsupporttime
3.Overtimeworkinghours:theproductofovertimepersonnelandovertimehours
4.Actualworkinghours:attendanceworkinghours+aidedworkinghours+overtimeworkinghours
5.Excludedworkinghours:non-currentWorkinghoursthatoccurinproduction
6.Totalproductionworkinghours:actualworkinghours—exceptworkinghours
7.Abnormalworkinghours:duetovariousfactorscausingtheproductiondepartmenttobeunabletoproducenormallyonthatdayMan-hoursconsumed.
8.Totalstandardman-hours:thesumoftheproductofthetotalnumberofproductsinthewarehouseproducedonthedayandthesinglestandardman-hoursofeachproduct.
9.Abnormalman-hours:Fillintheactualtimeseparatelyforthesituationthataffectstheproductionontheday
10.Excludedworkinghours:Fillintheactualworkinghoursfortheirresistibleworkinghoursthatoccurredintheproductiononthecurrentday.
11.Productionworkinghours:theactualworkinghoursthatoccurredduringtheproductionofthisworkorderonthesameday.
12.Differentialworkinghours:thedifferencebetweenoutputstandardworkinghoursandproductionworkinghours
Productionefficiency=totalStandardworkinghours\Totalproductionworkinghours×100%
Totalstandardworkinghours=numberofoutputs×standardworkinghoursforasingleproduct
Managementoverview
ManagementofworkinghoursismainlyforemployeesPersonalworkstatisticsmanagementfunction,productionmanagementpersonnelcanviewproductionandreal-timelabordataindetailandactivity-by-activity,especiallyactivity-levellaborinformation,assistingproductionmanagementpersonneltouseefficiencydataobtainedfromtheworkshoptomonitortheproductionprocessinrealtime.Toimproveproductivityandcontrollaborcosts,makescientificcorporatedecisions.
Standardworkinghours
Standardworkinghoursrefertoacertainstandardconditionandacertainoperatingmethod,whichisqualifiedandaccepted.Thetimerequiredforawell-trainedoperatortocompleteacertainjobatanormalspeed.
·Certainstandardconditions-(determinedaftermethodresearch)environment,equipment,fixtures,Materials...
·OneDeterminedoperationmethod----processingmethod,operationsequence,operationaction,operationarrangement,posture...
·Qualifiedandwell-trainedoperator----theoperatormustbeaQualifiedworkers,andthejobmustbesuitableforhimtodo;theoperatormustbefullytrainedintheoperationmethodofthespecificjob.
·Normalspeed----Theoperator'sphysiologicalconditionisnormalwhenworking,andcan'tbeoverlystressed,andcan'tbedelayedintentionally.
Otherrelated
Applicationofstandardworkinghours
1.Efficiencymanagement
Efficiencyisanindexofthedegreeofachievementofstandardtime,standardtimeAfterthedecisionismade,themanagermustcompletetheworkwithinthestandardtime.
2.Equipmentcapacity
Howmuchcapacitytheequipmenthasmustbecalculatedandanalyzedbasedonstandardtimeasthebasisforequipmentpurchase,andappropriatecontingencymeasuresshouldbetaken.
3.Equipmentplanning
Throughstandardworkinghoursandequipmentproductioncapacity,theentireplant’sequipmentwillbeoptimallyarranged.
4.Calculationofpersonnelandload
Aftertheproductionplanisdrawnup,therequiredman-hoursandpersonnelrequiredcanbecalculatedbasedonthestandardtime,andthecapacityofthepreviousmachineryandequipment,andtheexpectedloadAllsituationsneedtobecalculatedbasedonstandardtime.
5.Basisforcalculationofstandardproductioncapacity
Accordingtothestandardworkinghoursofeachproduct,thedailyworkingtimeisusedtocalculatethestandardproductioncapacityofeachproduct.
6.Productionplanschedulearrangement
Theproductionscheduleofeachproductisarrangedaccordingtostandardworkinghours.
7.Schedulemanagement
Themanufacturingdepartmentcalculatesthenumberofproductsthatshouldbeproducedaccordingtostandardtime,andarrangestheconfigurationofpersonnelandequipment,scheduleplanning,productioncontrol,etc.,toachievetherequiredquantity.
8.Thecalculationofman-machinecooperation
Accordingtothestandardtime,theconfigurationofpersonnelandmachinescanbeproperlyarrangedtoreducethewasteofmanpower.
9.Calculationofproductionlinebalance
Iftheworkstationsontheproductionlinearenotproperlyconfigured,itwillcausebottlenecksandexcessiveidletimeandcausewaste.Itisnecessarytoarrangeworkproperlyinstandardtime.
10.Staffplanning
Theproductioncapacitycalculatedbythestandardworkinghourswillbeusedtoarrangethestaff,andthestaffofthewholeplantwillbescheduled.
11.Improvementofworkingmethods
Calculatethestandardtimeofeachunitasareferenceforimprovementandatthesametimeasacomparisonbeforeandafterimprovement.
12.Standardsofworkguidancetraining
Intheworkguidancetrainingofon-siteproductionunits,standardworkinghoursarethebasisfortheefficiencyofeachworkunit.
13.Workperformanceevaluationandbonuscalculation
Theimplementationoftherewardsystemmustusestandardtimetomeasureworkperformanceinordertocalculatebonusesfairlyandreasonably.
14.Developmentofnewproducts
Inthedevelopmentofnewproducts,therequiredcostcanbeestimatedbasedonthestandardtimeoftheoldproductunit.
15.Laborcostcalculation
Standardtimeisthebasicdatafordirectlaborcostcalculation.
16.Referenceforsettingproductprices
Standardworkinghourscancalculatethecostofapartoftheproduct,plusotherfactors,whichcanbeusedasareferenceforproductprices.
Classification
TherearethreetypesofworkinghoursystemsstipulatedbytheChineselaborlaw,namely,standardworkinghours,comprehensiveworkinghoursandirregularworkinghours.
Accordingtothe"LaborLaw"andthe"ProvisionsoftheStateCouncilonWorkingHoursofEmployees"(StateCouncilOrderNo.174),Chinaimplementsthestandardthatworkerswork8hoursadayand40hoursaweekWorkinghourssystem.Qualifiedcompaniesshouldimplementastandardworkinghoursystem.Someenterprisescannotimplementthestandardworkinghoursystemduetothenatureofworkandproductioncharacteristics,andshouldensurethatworkersdonotworkmorethan8hoursaday,worknomorethan40hoursaweek,andhaveatleastonedayoffeachweek.Enterprisescannotimplementthestandardworkinghoursystemduetotheirproductioncharacteristics,andthosethatmeettherequirementscanimplementtheirregularworkinghoursystemwiththeapprovalofthelaborsecurityadministrativedepartment.
Fortheworkerswhoimplementtheirregularworkinghourssystem,theenterpriseshallreasonablydeterminethelaborquotaorotherassessmentstandardsoftheworkersaccordingtothestandardworkinghourssystem,soastoarrangetheworkerstorest.Thewagesarecalculatedbythecompanyinaccordancewiththewagesystemandwagedistributionmethodoftheunit,usingmonthly,quarterly,andyearly,etc.ascyclestocomprehensivelycalculatetheworkinghours,buttheaveragedailyworkinghoursandaverageweeklyworkinghoursshouldbebasicallythesameasthelegalstandardworkinghours.Thatistosay,inthecomprehensivecalculationperiod,theactualworkingtimeofaspecificday(orweek)canexceed8hours(or40hours),butthetotalactualworkingtimeinthecomprehensivecalculationperiodshouldnotexceedthetotallegalstandardworkingtime,Theexcessshallbedeemedtobeextendedworkinghoursandpaidaccordingtotheprovisionsofthelaborlaw.Amongthem,iftheworkersarearrangedtoworkonstatutoryholidays,theremunerationshallbepaidinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaborlaw.Moreover,theaveragenumberofhoursofextendedworkinghoursmustnotexceed36hourspermonth.
Ifthetotalactualaverageworkingtimeintheentirecomprehensivecalculationperioddoesnotexceedthetotallegalstandardworkingtimeoftheperiod,itisonlyaspecificday(orweek,month,orquarterinthecomprehensivecalculationperiod).)Exceedingstatutorystandardworkinghours,thepartnotexceedingshallnotberegardedasextendingworkinghours.Calculatedandissuedbasedontheactualworkingtimeoftheworkerandthecompletionofthelaborquota.Forworkerswhomeettheconditionsofpaidannualleave,theenterpriseshallarrangeforthemtoenjoypaidannualleave.
Foremployeeswhoimplementotherworkandrestmethodssuchastheirregularworkingsystemandthecomprehensiveworkinghourssystem,theenterpriseshallensurethehealthoftheemployeesinaccordancewiththerelevantprovisionsofChapters1and4ofthe"LaborLaw"Onthebasisoffullylisteningtotheopinionsofemployees,appropriatemethodssuchasconcentratedwork,concentratedrest,shiftrest,flexibleworkinghours,etc.shallbeadoptedtoensuretheemployees’righttorestandvacationandthecompletionofproductionandworktasks.
Recommendation
InAugust2020,theMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityrespondedtotherecommendationNo.9238oftheThirdSessionofthe13thNationalPeople'sCongress.Inresponsetotherepresentative’sproposalonimplementingafour-and-a-half-day-a-weekworkingtimesystem,theMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityrespondedthatunderthecurrenteconomicsituation,shorteningworkinghourswillincreasethepressureonenterpriseproductionandoperationandbringabouthigheremployment.Costsandburdensaffecteconomicdevelopment.Thestandardforfurthershorteningworkinghoursdoesnotyethavearealisticbasisandshouldnotbewidelyimplementedinenterprises.
Management
Managementofworkinghoursispopularinforeigncountries,whichcancalculateworkinghoursintocostsandreducerisks.Itismorepopularathomeandabroadtouseasoftwarecalledgtimesheetformanagement.Itcanbeusedwiththepunchcardmachine,itiswebandthelanguagesofuptoeightcountriescanbeusedallovertheworldontheInternet.